Part C of exam

Question 1

5 physiological responses during E situations…

Answer 1

1. pupils dilate
2. heart rate increases
3. airways dilate
4. salivia production decreases
5. inhibits urination

(stimulates release of epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 2

SLUDD responses during rest/recovery

Answer 2

SALIVA production stimulated
LACRIMATION (tear production) stimulated
URINATION stimulated
DIGESTION activated
DEFECATION promoted

Question 3

5 types of sensory receptors and what stimulus they detect

Answer 3

Mechanoreceptors: detect mechanical stimuli such as touch and pressure

Thermoreceptors: detect changes in temperature such as hot and cold

Nociceptors: respond to painful stimuli from physical or chemical damage to tissue

Photoreceptors: detect light on the retina

Chemoreceptors: detect chemical stimulus in the mouth/nose such as odorants or tastants

Question 4

Describe the stimulus, structural classification, name of sensory receptor and one associated cranial nerve of two special senses…

Answer 4

OLFACTORY / SMELL
Stimulus: odorants
Structural classification: 1st order neuron with free nerve endings
Sensory receptor: Olfactory receptor cell
Cranial nerve: Olfactory Cranial Nerve I (CNI)

VISION
Stimulus: light
Structural classification: sensory cell synapses with 1st order neuron
Sensory receptor: photoreceptors
Cranial nerve: Optic Nerve II (CNII)

Question 5

Pancreatic islet cells are involved in the regulation of blood glucose. Discuss the negative feedback regulation of blood glucose. Include stimulus, hormones, associated cells and processes involved.

Answer 5

• Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia) stimulate alpha cells to secret glucagon
• Glucagon acts on liver cells to convert glycogen into glucose
• Released glucose raises blood sugar
• If blood glucose levels continue to rise, hyperglycaemia then inhibits the production of glucagon
• High blood glucose levels stimulate beta cells to secrete insulin
• Insulin facilitates the diffusion of glucose into cells
• Blood glucose levels fall
• If blood glucose levels continue to fall, hypoglycaemia then inhibits release of insulin

Question 6

Name and describe the function of (5) neurotransmitters.

Answer 6

1. Acetylcholine (ACh) – learning and memory
2. Dopamine – pleasure and addiction
3. Serotonin – induction of sleep
4. Epinephrine – increase heart rate
5. Norepinephrine – waking from sleep