Part A of exam (multiple choice) Flashcards
Functions of the nervous system
Sensory
Integrative
Motor
List the two (2) components of the CNS
Brain and spinal cord
List four (4) components of the PNS
Nerves
Ganglia
Enteric plexuses
Sensory receptors
List the three (3) subdivisions of the PNS.
Somatic
Autonomic
Enteric
Name the three layers of meninges
- Dura mater: Superficial, thick, layer composed of dense, irregular CT
- Arachnoid mater: Middle, thin, avascular layer composed of cells and thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres. Between the dura and arachnoid mater is the subdural space which contains interstitial fluid.
- Pia mater: Inner, thin, transparent, vascular CT attached to the spinal cord. Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid.
What are the meninges?
The meninges are three, protective, connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain.
Name the four primary plexus of the spinal cord
- Cervical
- Brachial
- Lumbar
- Sacral
List two (2) substances that the blood-brain barrier is not permeable to and two (2) that it is permeable to
Not permeable to: proteins, antibiotic drugs
Permeable to: water-soluble substances (glucose), lipid-soluble substances (oxygen), urea
Name the lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
What is the autonomic nervous system part of (PNS or CNS)?
The Autonomic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Division of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)
Sympathetic (flight/fight) and parasympathetic (rest/digest)
Functions of ANS
- Maintain homeostasis
2. Regulates activity of smooth/cardiac muscle and certain glands (NOT skeletal)
Name the two major ANS neurotransmitters
- Adrenergic: releases norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
2. Cholinergic: releases acetylcholine
What are the special senses?
Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium
What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?
o fibrous tunic (superficial)
o vascular tunic (middle)
o retina (inner)
Name the structure of the ear
EXTERNAL ear (collects soundwaves and channels them inwards)
MIDDLE ear (conveys sound vibrations to the oval window) – ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
INTERNAL ear (contains receptors)
o bony labyrinth: contains perilymph; semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea
o membranous labyrinth (within bony labyrinth): contains endolymph; semicircular ducts; epithelial sacs (utricle, saccule, ampulla); cochlear duct (cochlear contains the receptors)
General function of endocrine system
Controls bodily functions by releasing hormones
[secrete product (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells to the bloodstream and then to the target cell]
How are lipid soluble hormones transported in the blood?
Via transport proteins
How are water soluble hormones transported in the blood?
Free form in plasma
Examples of lipid soluble hormones
Steroids, T3, T4
Examples of water soluble hormones
Melatonin and insulin
Describe the synergistic effect of two hormones
Two hormones working together increases effect
Describe the permissive effect of two hormones
One permitting the other to work
[When a simultaneous or recent exposure to second hormone is needed for a stronger effect]
Describe the antagonistic effect of two hormones
When one hormones opposes the actions of another
Name the hormones produced in the hypothalamus
Gonadotropin releasing hormone [GnRH]
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH]
Growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH]
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone [GHIH] – somatostatin
Corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH]
Prolactin inhibiting hormone [PIH] – dopamine
Prolactin-releasing hormone [PRH]
Oxytocin [OT]
Anti-diuretic hormone [ADH]
Describe the hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland
Hypothalamic secretory nerve cells secrete hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to either store or release hormones
Name the hormones produced in the thyroid
Calcitonin (calcium regulation)
T3, T4 (metabolism)
Describe the role of calcitonin in calcium regulation.
decreases calcium in blood
Describe the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium regulation.
Increases calcium in blood
