Part A of exam (multiple choice)

Question 1

Functions of the nervous system

Answer 1

Sensory
Integrative
Motor

Question 2

List the two (2) components of the CNS

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Question 3

List four (4) components of the PNS

Answer 3

Nerves
Ganglia
Enteric plexuses
Sensory receptors

Question 4

List the three (3) subdivisions of the PNS.

Answer 4

Somatic
Autonomic
Enteric

Question 5

Name the three layers of meninges

Answer 5

1. Dura mater: Superficial, thick, layer composed of dense, irregular CT
2. Arachnoid mater: Middle, thin, avascular layer composed of cells and thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres. Between the dura and arachnoid mater is the subdural space which contains interstitial fluid.
3. Pia mater: Inner, thin, transparent, vascular CT attached to the spinal cord. Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 6

What are the meninges?

Answer 6

The meninges are three, protective, connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain.

Question 7

Name the four primary plexus of the spinal cord

Answer 7

• Cervical
• Brachial
• Lumbar
• Sacral

Question 8

List two (2) substances that the blood-brain barrier is not permeable to and two (2) that it is permeable to

Answer 8

Not permeable to: proteins, antibiotic drugs

Permeable to: water-soluble substances (glucose), lipid-soluble substances (oxygen), urea

Question 9

Name the lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 9

 Frontal lobe
 Parietal lobe
 Occipital lobe
 Temporal lobe

Question 10

What is the autonomic nervous system part of (PNS or CNS)?

Answer 10

The Autonomic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 11

Division of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)

Answer 11

Sympathetic (flight/fight) and parasympathetic (rest/digest)

Question 12

Functions of ANS

Answer 12

1. Maintain homeostasis

2. Regulates activity of smooth/cardiac muscle and certain glands (NOT skeletal)

Question 13

Name the two major ANS neurotransmitters

Answer 13

1. Adrenergic: releases norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

2. Cholinergic: releases acetylcholine

Question 14

What are the special senses?

Answer 14

Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium

Question 15

What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?

Answer 15

o fibrous tunic (superficial)

o vascular tunic (middle)

o retina (inner)

Question 16

Name the structure of the ear

Answer 16

EXTERNAL ear (collects soundwaves and channels them inwards)

MIDDLE ear (conveys sound vibrations to the oval window) – ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

INTERNAL ear (contains receptors)

o bony labyrinth: contains perilymph; semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea
o membranous labyrinth (within bony labyrinth): contains endolymph; semicircular ducts; epithelial sacs (utricle, saccule, ampulla); cochlear duct (cochlear contains the receptors)

Question 17

General function of endocrine system

Answer 17

Controls bodily functions by releasing hormones

[secrete product (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells to the bloodstream and then to the target cell]

Question 18

How are lipid soluble hormones transported in the blood?

Answer 18

Via transport proteins

Question 19

How are water soluble hormones transported in the blood?

Answer 19

Free form in plasma

Question 20

Examples of lipid soluble hormones

Answer 20

Steroids, T3, T4

Question 21

Examples of water soluble hormones

Answer 21

Melatonin and insulin

Question 22

Describe the synergistic effect of two hormones

Answer 22

Two hormones working together increases effect

Question 23

Describe the permissive effect of two hormones

Answer 23

One permitting the other to work

[When a simultaneous or recent exposure to second hormone is needed for a stronger effect]

Question 24

Describe the antagonistic effect of two hormones

Answer 24

When one hormones opposes the actions of another

Question 25

Name the hormones produced in the hypothalamus

Answer 25

Gonadotropin releasing hormone [GnRH]

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH]

Growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH]

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone [GHIH] – somatostatin

Corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH]

Prolactin inhibiting hormone [PIH] – dopamine

Prolactin-releasing hormone [PRH]

Oxytocin [OT]

Anti-diuretic hormone [ADH]

Question 26

Describe the hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland

Answer 26

Hypothalamic secretory nerve cells secrete hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to either store or release hormones

Question 27

Name the hormones produced in the thyroid

Answer 27

Calcitonin (calcium regulation)

T3, T4 (metabolism)

Question 28

Describe the role of calcitonin in calcium regulation.

Answer 28

decreases calcium in blood

Question 29

Describe the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium regulation.

Answer 29

Increases calcium in blood