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HAP year2 period 1 > part B > Flashcards

part B Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration

A

oxidative process that occurs in cells

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2
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of ozygen and carbon diaoxide between organism and environment

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3
Q

lungs positive pressure

A

fishes fore air to enter

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4
Q

negative pressure lungs

A

thoracic cavity pulls air into lungs

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5
Q

myoglobin

A

oxygen-binding protien in muscles

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6
Q

Bhor effect, in small and large mammals

A

small mammals: high respiratory frequency; high cellular respiration; high additional release of oxygen; low pH(right shift
large mammals: low respiration frequency; low cellular respiration; low additional release of oxygen; high pH (left shift)

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7
Q

RAM ventilation

A

keep swimming, mouth open

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8
Q

spiracle

A

the respiratory cavity of the shark while resting at the bottom of the ocean.

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9
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete miscous fluid

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10
Q

cilia

A

make water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia

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11
Q

alveoli contains..

A

..collagen and elastin

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12
Q

law of Fick

A

postulates that the diffusive flux goes from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area proportional to the concentration gradient.

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13
Q

Dalton’s law

A

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual component gases.

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14
Q

hyposmotic environment

A

cell swell.

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15
Q

hyperosmotic environment

A

cell shring

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16
Q

osmoconformers

A

keep internal fluids isotonic to the environment. No regulating osmotic pressure

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17
Q

stenohaline

A

can live only in a certain salinity range. small, narrow.eg. nonmigrating gish, spider crab

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18
Q

euryhaline

A

survive in a wide range of salinity. broad large. eg. salmon, shore crab

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19
Q

hyperosmotic regulator

A

maintains fluids more concentrated than the surrounding

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20
Q

fish from salty water to freshwater

A
  • keep salt concentration of their bodies higher than that of the water
  • hyperosmotic regulation
  • mucus layer, almost waterproof
  • water pumped out by kidney
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21
Q

fish from freshwater to salty

A
  • Lose water and gain salt
  • hyposmotic regulators
  • maintain bodyfluids at a lower concentration than environment
  • for water loss, fish drinks water absorbed in intestines to blood and secreted to the gills
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22
Q

homeostasis

A

the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems (control systems)

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23
Q

osmoconformers owned by

A

invertebrates

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24
Q

osmoregulators owned by

A

vertebrates

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25
Q

Reptiles and birds produce a paste-like urine which is not toxic and largely consists of…

A

… uric acid

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26
Q

primary functions kidney

A

filter blood and produce urine

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27
Q

kidneys secrete hormone..

A

Erythropoietin, increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.

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28
Q

exchange process in renal nephrons

A
  • glomerular filtration: is the bulk flow of protein free plasma
  • Reabsorption: from the lumen of the renal tubules to the interstitial fluid
  • secretion: from peritubular fluid to the lumen of the renal tubules
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29
Q

filtration 3 barriers to enter Bowman’s capsule

A
  • capillary endothelial cell layer
  • surrounding epithelial cell (podocytes)
  • Basement membrane (basal ganglia)
30
Q

water balance

hypervolemia

A

high blood volume by positive water valance

31
Q

water balance

hypovolemia

A

low blood volume by negative water valance

32
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water over a concentration gradient fo dissolved solutes

33
Q

Darwin’s 5 theories

A
  • perpeutal change: living world is in constant change
  • common descent: all forms of life same ancestor
  • multiplication of species: new species by slitting and transforming old ones
  • gradualism: large differences in anatomical traits are accumulation of small incremental changes over very long periods of time
  • natural selection: variation among organisms
34
Q

phylogeny

A

life’s history depcited in a branching tree

35
Q

homology

A

similar structure, different functions. limb.

36
Q

analogy

A

different structure similar function

37
Q

ontogeny

A

development of an orgamism through its entire life

38
Q

evoluability

A

capacity of a system to adaptative evolution

39
Q

allopatric population

A

species that occupy separate geographic areas that would interbreed if it weren’t because of geographic barriers

40
Q

hybridization

A

occurrance of mating between divergent populations

41
Q

sympatric

A

same land

42
Q

parapatric

A

speciation (between allopatric and symaptric): 2 species with geographic allopatric ranges but make contact along borderline that neither species successfully crosses

43
Q

adaptative radiation

A

evolution of several ecologically diverse species from a common ancestral species

44
Q

population gradualism

A

new trait become established in pouplation by increasing their frequency initially from a small fraction to mahority

45
Q

phenotypic gradualism

A

new traits are produced in a small incremental steps accumulating over undered to thousands of generations(not all are incremental steps, some appear in single mutation)

46
Q

phyletic gradualism

A

slowly steadily gradually to adapt to new challenges

47
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

once species appears, the population will become stable

48
Q

taxonomy

A

branch of sciences concerned with classification, especially of organisms

49
Q

phylogeny

A

deals with phylogenesis (evolutionary development of diversification of a species or group of organisms)

50
Q

homology

A

similar relation, relative position

51
Q

homoplasy

A

character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor

52
Q

clade

A

fundamental unit of phylogenetic grouping of species

53
Q

synapomorphy

A

derived character shared uniquely by all members of a clade

54
Q

plesiomoprhic

A

homologous within a particular group of organisms, but is not unique to members of that group

55
Q

symplesiomorphic

A

plesiomorphy shared by two or more taxa. teeth.

56
Q

pseudoplesiomprhy

A

any trait that can neither be identified as a plesiomorphy nor as apomorphy

57
Q

apomorphy

A

specilaized trait or character that is unique to a group or species. Not present in ancestral form

58
Q

comparative morphology

A

evolution. shapes, sizes, organismal structures

59
Q

comparative biochemestry

A

evolution. sequences both amino acids and nucleotides

60
Q

comparative cytology

A

evolution. shape, number, sixes in chromosomes

61
Q

parenchyma

A

important for assimilation and transport of food and disposal of metabolic waste

62
Q

which part of the loof of Henle is impermeable?

A

the ascending part

63
Q

blood goes back, regulation

A

via veins

  • skeletal muscle contractions
  • respiration (movement diapraghm)
  • blood volume (hyperstension
64
Q

pressure reservoir

A

in arteries, ensures blood flow during diastolic phase

65
Q

paracrine

A

relating to or denoting a hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it

66
Q

endocrine

A

relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood

67
Q

osmoconformers

A

organisms that keep their internal fluids isotonic to their environment, that is, they maintain an internal salinity similar to their ambient conditions

68
Q

ramventilation

A

The production of respiratory flow in some fish in which the mouth is opened during swimming, such that water flows through the mouth and across the gills.

69
Q

darwins thory of evolution 5

A
  • perpetual change: living world is in constant change
  • common decent: all forms of life have some ancestor
  • speciation: multipliction of species, new species by splitting and transforming old ones
  • gradualism: large differences in anatomical traits are accumulation of small incremental changes over very long periods of time
  • natural selection: variation amoung organisms, variation is heritable, organisms with different variant forms are epxected to leave different number of offspring to future generations.
70
Q

hyperemia

A

an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or an other part of the body

HAP year2 period 1 (3 decks)

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