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HAP year2 period 1 > part A > Flashcards

part A Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophy

A

produce own food from organic molecules

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2
Q

Heterotrophy

A

derive energy from other living organisms

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3
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

regulates the flow of food into intestine and prevents regurgitation into stomach

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4
Q

somites

A

blocks of mesoderm that are located on either side of the neural tube in the developing vertebrate embryo. Also determines the migratory paths of neural crest cells and of the axons of spinal nerves

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5
Q

phyla

A

the taxonomic rank:

domain > kingdom > phylum > class > order > family > genus > species

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6
Q

analogy

A

similar function, different structure and embryonic origin

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7
Q

homology

A

different function, similar structure and embryonic origin

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8
Q

enamel

A

white part that covers the crown of the tooth

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9
Q

amniotes

A

reptiles and birds

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10
Q

anapsid

A

reptile with NO temporal openings in the skull (turtle)

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11
Q

diapsid

A

reptile with 2 temporal openings in the skull (lizards, snakes, birds)

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12
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown, energy-producing, grom complex to simple

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13
Q

anabolism

A

building, energy needed/storage, from simple to complex

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14
Q

pepsin

A

breaksdown protein, produced in gastric chief cells

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15
Q

rennin

A

milk-curling enzyme

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16
Q

trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

continue enzymatic digestion of protiens

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17
Q

cows digestion system order

A

mouth-rumen-mouth-rumen-reticulum-omasum-abomasum-intestine-colon-anus

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18
Q

what can you find in the corpus stomach?

A

mucus cells, parietal cells (hydrochloric acid), chief cells (pepsinogen)

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19
Q

what can you find in the fundus stomach?

A

additional storage, mucus production

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20
Q

epithelium

A

layer of cells that line hollow organs and glands

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21
Q

small intestine structures

A

villi (epithelium, connective tissue), microvilli, glycocalyx (peripheral glycoproteins that help to increase nutrient uptakes, construct a physical barrier between the cell and harmful elements)

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22
Q

deciduous

A

milk teeth

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23
Q

homodont

A

all the teeth similar

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24
Q

heterodont

A

having teeth differentiated (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)

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25
Q

enteric nervous system

A

arrangement of neurons and supporting cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract

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26
Q

structures in the mucosa from the GI tract

A
  • MUCOSAE MEMBRANE: protect against abrasion and substances attack. Absorptive cells for nutrients. Secretion hormones.
  • LAMINA PROPRIA: small blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, Peyer’s patches, lymph nodules. Fight against bacteria.
  • MUSCULARIS MUCASAE: contract mucosa into folds
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27
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

are groupings of lymphoid follicles in the mucus membrane that lines your small intestine. Important for immune surveillance of materials within your digestive system

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28
Q

structures in the submucosa from GI tract

A
  • enables larege degree of stretch without damage. Larger blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
  • submucosal plexus (Meisser’s plexus) and myenteric plexus
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29
Q

submucosal plexus

A

nervous tissue that control movements in the GI tract

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30
Q

structures in the muscularis externa from the GI tract

A
  • CIRCULAR MUSCLE LAYER: smooth muscle capable of generating spontaneous depolarizations
  • LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE LAYER: multi-unit smooth muscle, depends on neural input for contraction
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31
Q

serosa

A

structural support connective tissue for GI tract

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32
Q

salivary amylase

A

enzyme in the saliva. Breaks down amylose and amylopectin into smaller chains of glucose ( maltose, dextrins)

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33
Q

gastric glands

A

any of the branched tubules in the inner lining of the stomach that secrete gastric juice and protective mucus.

Gastric glands are: mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells and G cells.

34
Q

important information of the stomach

A

contains gastric glands to secrete gastric juice into the lumen. Gastric pits.

35
Q

gastric pits

A

communicate with the stomach and transport gastric glands.

36
Q

parts of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum: chyme, pancreatic juice, bile and vili
  • jejunum
  • ileum
37
Q

parts of colon

A
  • ileocecal sphincter (from the ileum to the colon)
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon

absorbs most of the water transforming it to faces

38
Q

parts in the rectum and anus

A
  • internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle

- external anal sphincter: controls opening, skeletal muscle

39
Q

what do salivary glands contain to digest food?

A

bicarbonate to neutralize acid
salivary amylase (enzymes)
mucus to lubricate food
lysozyme to destroy bacteria

40
Q

types of pancreas

A
  • exocrine pancreas: numerous acini and their associated ducts
  • endocrine pancreas: pancreatic islets scattered among acini ducts
41
Q

acini

A

produce and secrete digestive enzymes

42
Q

parts of the liver

A 
secretion of bile
metabolic processing of nutrients
removal of aged red blood cells of the blood
elimination of wastes from the body
synthesis of plasma proteins
secretion and modification of hormones
storage of essential molecules
43
Q

endopeptidase

A

split peptides at interior peptidase bonds producing smaller peptides

44
Q

exopeptidase

A

split amino acids from one end of the polypeptide producing amino acids

45
Q

zymogens

A

inactive substance which is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme

46
Q

how does water absorbtion work?

A

via osmosis and sodium is therefore important

47
Q

pepsinogen concentration depends on…

A

…changes in acid secretion

48
Q

adic secretion in stomach controlled by…

A

…cephalicphase, gastric phase, intestinal phase

49
Q

secretion pancratic juice and bile, how does it happen?

A

regulated by the hormones secretin and CCK (cholecystokinin) produced by the walls of the duodenum with the presence of food and the action of autonomic innervation

50
Q

CCK (cholecystokinin)

A

stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the intestine. It also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice,

51
Q

open circulation system

A

NO small blood vessels or capillaries interfacing with cells or connecting arteries with veins

52
Q

closed circulation system

A

fluid and blood is confined to vessels. Therefore blood pressure higher than in open circulation systems

53
Q

atrium

A

each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles.

54
Q

simple circulatory system

A

paired aortic arches, 1 atrium, 1 ventricle
less blood pressure
reduction aortic arch I and II
aquatic

55
Q

double circulatory system

A

can carry a lot of O2
increased blood flow
2 atria, 2 ventricles, valves, suculus coronarius

56
Q

lymph nodes produce

A

lymphocytes

57
Q

lymphatic system functions

A
  • return of excess interstitial fluid to blood circulation (via thoracic duct)
  • defence/immunity and response to infections (via lymphocytes)
  • return of triglycerides to blood circulation (via lacteals in small intestine)
58
Q

portal capillary system

A

when a capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins without first going through the heart. they are relatively uncommon

59
Q

systole

A

contracts

60
Q

diastole

A

relax

61
Q

vasculature

A

blood vessels branches

62
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood vessels (haemoglobin O2)

63
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells (defend)

64
Q

plateletes

A

blood clotting (plasma) prevents from bleeding

65
Q

plasma and what it contains

A

liquid that remains when clotting is prevented. Albuminum + fibrinogen

66
Q

serum and what it contains

A

liquid remains after the blood has clotted. Albumin+ globulin

67
Q

circulation blood from left ventricle

A

left ventricle, aorta, systematic circuit (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins), venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium and left ventricle

68
Q

p-wave

A

atrial depolarisation

69
Q

QRS-complex

A

ventricluar depolarisation and atrial repolarizaton

70
Q

T-wave

A

ventricular repolarisation

71
Q

food is moved through…

A

…cilia and musculature

72
Q

meissener’s plexus

A

plexus of ganglionated nerve fibers lying between the muscular and mucous coats of the intestine. it regulates the configuration of the luminal surface

73
Q

g cell

A

gastrin cell type of cell in the stomcach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. it works with gastric chief cells and parietal cells

74
Q

name an hormone which regulates metabolism and predict which processes are affected

A

insulin. it regulates glucose levels in the bloodstream and induces glucose storage in the liver, muscles, adipose tissue, resultin in overall weight gain.

75
Q

CCK

A

cholecystokinin is a major gastrointestinal horomen that plays an important role in stimulation of pancreateic secretion and gall bladder contraction, regulation of gastro9ntestinal motility and induction of safety. ingestion of fat and protein induces signirifcant increases in plasma CCK.

76
Q

cephalic phase control

A

arising stimuli from head

77
Q

gastric intestinal phase control

A

arising stimuli from stomach

78
Q

secretin

A

stimulates the secretion of a bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid

79
Q

hepatic portal system

A

is the venus system that returns blood into the intestinal tract from the digestive tract and spleen into the liver.

80
Q

epinephrine

A

also called adrenaline

HAP year2 period 1 (3 decks)

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