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Bio 107 > Part A > Flashcards

Part A Flashcards

Lectures 1-16

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all organic molecules contain?

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

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2
Q

Why is Carbon an essential element?

A

It has 4 valence electrons and can form chains and rings

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3
Q

How can you create polymers and monomers?

A

Polymers are created by Dehydration reactions that release a water molecule. Monomers are created from a hydrolysis reaction which requires a water molecule.

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4
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of the macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides, CHO)
Proteins (Amino acids, Polypeptides, CHONS)
Nucleic Acids( Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, CHONP)
Lipids (Glycerol and Fatty Acids, Fats+Oils, CHO)

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates used for and how are they stored?

A

Energy, and a source of Carbon, they are stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants, and they are used in cellulose for cell walls.

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6
Q

What are the functions of Proteins and what are their different Groups?

A

Proteins are used for Transporters and Enzymes, and their different groups are Non-Polar(C + H), Uncharged Polar (OH), Acidic(COO-), Basic(NH4+)

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7
Q

How do polypeptides decide which protein to become?

A

Whichever is the lowest energy shape

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8
Q

How many Amino acids are 1 Dalton?

A

110 Amino Acids = 1 Da

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9
Q

What are the 4 different types of structures of proteins?

A

Primary: Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides.
Secondary: H bonds between the backbones cause the formation of Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated sheets.
Tertiary: Various H bonds between side chains of the same polypeptide.
Quaternary: Various H bonds between the side chains of 2+ polypeptides.

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10
Q

What are two different types of Nucleic Acids, and their functions?

A

DNA: Stores information for the cell
RNA: Allows the stored information to control the cell

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11
Q

What are the nucleotide bases bonded by together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What is a Nucleoside, Nucleotide, and a Nucleic Acid?

A

Nucleoside: Base + Sugar
Nucleotide: Nucleoside + 1-3 Phosphates
Nucleic Acid: 2+ Nucleotides

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13
Q

What are the functions of ATP and GTP?

A

Energy and Protein Regulation

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14
Q

What is the difference between Fats and Oils?

A

Fats are easier to make, are saturated, and they solidify because they are straight and they come together easily.
Oils are unsaturated, and they bend due to the double/triple bonds, They do not solidify so they are better in cold conditions. Both of them are used as energy storage.

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15
Q

Which parts of phospholipids are hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

The Phosphate is the hydrophilic part and the lipid is the hydrophobic part.

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16
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

They have a monosaccharide ontop of lipids rather than a phosphate group.

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of Steriods and what are their functions?

A

Cholesterol: Goes in between unsaturated phospholipids to prevent solidification and leakage.
Steroid hormones: Sex hormones
Waxes

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18
Q

What are the 2 Mixed Macromolecules and what are they made of?

A

Lipopolysaccharide: Lipids and Carbohydrates
Peptidoglycan: Carbohydrates and Proteins

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19
Q

What are Cofactors?

A

An organic molecule that binds to a protein to carry out its function?

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20
Q

What are the properties of all living organisms?

A 
Organize: have cells
Metabolize: Consume energy
Interact with the environment: Find food
Reproduce: Make babies
Evolve: Change
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21
Q

What are the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Size
Organelles
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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22
Q

What are the 3 Domains, and the 5 Kingdoms?

A

Archaea: Extreme environments
Bacteria: Mild environments
Eukarya

Prokaryotes
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists
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23
Q

Why are cells called Unicellular and Multicellular?

A

They have one cell (Unicellular) or many cells(Multicellular)

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24
Q

Why are many cells small?

A

They can have a higher surface area to volume ratio and they can specialize

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25
Q

What are 3 ways cells can increase surface area?

A

Infoldings
Outfoldings
Internal Membranes: Organelles

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26
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Contain cell contents
Flexibility
Allows Transport

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27
Q

What are the functions of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Forms spontaneously
Moderately fluid
Flexible

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28
Q

What is the function of glycolipids?

A

Protection

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29
Q

What are the 2 kinds of membrane proteins and what are their functions?

A

Integral: they are partially connected to phospholipids and ECM
Peripheral: They are connected to the integral membrane proteins
Their function is Transport

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30
Q

What are the types of Antigens on blood cells?

A

H-Antigen: Glycolipids
A-Antigen: Glycolipids
B-Antigen: Glycolipids
D-Antigen: Proteins

31
Q

What blood can be donated to patients?

A

A patient cannot receive a new antigen.

32
Q

What is Diffusion and what molecules can diffuse?

A

Movement of molecules from high to low. Gases and Steriods can diffuse

33
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of Water

34
Q

What are the different Tonicities and what happens to plant/animal cells in the tonicities?

A

Isotonic: Same concentration in and out of the cell
Hypertonic: Greater concentration outside the cell
Hypotonic: Greater concentration inside the cell
Animal Cells: Isotonic-Normal, Hypertonic-Shrivel, Hypotonic-Lysed
Plant Cells: Isotonic-Flaccid, Hypertonic-Plasmolyze, Hypotonic-Turgid

35
Q

What are the ways cells conduct passive transport and what do they transport?

A

Channel Protein: Small Ions

Passive Transporters: Monomers

36
Q

What are the ways cells conduct active transport and what do they transport?

A

ATP-Powered Transporters: Ions

H+/Na+ Powered Transporters: Monomers and Ions

37
Q

What happens during Exocytosis?

A

Vesicles bind to the plasma membrane and then release the contents to the ECF

38
Q

What are the 3 types of Endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis: Cells engulf other cells
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: Molecules bind to receptors and then are pulled into the cell in a vesicle
Pinocytosis: The intake of membrane

39
Q

What is the function of cell walls?

A

Protect during hypotonic environments

40
Q

What is the cell wall structure of Gram-Positive Bacteria?

A

A thick layer of peptidoglycan outside the plasma membrane

41
Q

What is the function of Penicillin and Lysozymes?

A

Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan

Lysozyme cuts up peptidoglycan directly

42
Q

What is the cell wall structure of Gram-Negative Bacteria?

A

A layer of the plasma membrane, a thin layer of peptidoglycan, and another layer of the plasma membrane which glycoproteins on top

43
Q

What are the functions of the polysaccharide layers?

A

Protection against Phagocytosis

Ability to Stick to things

44
Q

What are the functions of Frimbrae Proteins?

A

They allow cells to stick to eukaryotic cells

45
Q

What are the exteriors of Plant Cells?

A

The Cell Wall is responsible for: Protection, Attachment, Sealing.
Plasmodesmata is responsible for Communication.

46
Q

What are the exteriors of Animal Cells?

A

Extracellular Matrix: Made up of Collagen(Vitamin C) [Protection]
Spot Desmosomes: They connects cells together (Attachment)
Hemidesmosomes: They hold cells to the ECM (Attachment)
Tight Junctions: Chains of Integrals and halt the movement of proteins and ECF (Sealing)
Gap Junctions: Communication

47
Q

What is the difference between Cytosol and cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is everything inside the cell, and cytosol is only the fluid

48
Q

What are prokaryotic Ribosomes composed of and their functions?

A

They are composed of 3 Ribosomal RNA and 52 ribosomal proteins
They are responsible for the production of proteins

49
Q

What are prokaryotic chromosomes made of and their functions?

A

double-stranded DNA and they contain information for growth and reproduction and the genes make either protein and ribosomal RNA.

50
Q

What are prokaryotic Plasmids and their function?

A

They contain information for 1 special ability
R- allows E. coli to break down ampicillin
F-Transfer DNA to other cells

51
Q

What are the 3 types of E.coli?

A

Pathogenic: Harmful when they reproduce
Beneficial: Make vitamins
Lab: easily manipulated

52
Q

What are Svedberg units?

A

A measure of how quickly someone moves to the bottom of a centrifuge

53
Q

What are the different things in the nucleus and their functions?

A

Chromatin: DNA wrapped in protein which functions in messenger RNA synthesis
Nucleolus: Center, Ribosomal RNA synthesis and Ribosome assembly
Nuclear Envelope: Two phospholipid bilayer and fluid filled space that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear Lamina: Protein fibres that hold the nuclear envelope together
Nuclear Pores: Protein cylinders that import nucleotides and proteins and export ribosomes and mRNAs

54
Q

What are Eukaryotic Ribosomes composed of and responsible for?

A

RNA + Proteins and they are responsible for making proteins

55
Q

What is the ER composed of and what are its functions?

A

Composed of plasma membranes, and a fluid filled interior called the ER Lumen.
Rough: Contains ribosomes that make and export proteins, and membrane lipids
Smooth: Holds the membrane proteins

56
Q

What is the Golgi composed of and its function

A

Many vacuoles that are stacked together and it modifies and distributes the proteins that were made in the ER

57
Q

What are Lysosomes and what are their functions?

A

Digest macromolecules and they are acidic to digest proteins, it digests food from the outside and organelles that are not needed anymore

58
Q

What are peroxisomes and their functions?

A

They perform dangerous reactions, like breaking down fatty acids.

59
Q

What are vacuoles used for?

A

Food during phagocytosis, and a central vacuole in plants

60
Q

What are the 3 kinds of plastids and their function?

A

Storage: Starch, Fats+Oils
Chromoplasts: Pigment
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis

61
Q

What is the mitochondria responsible for?

A

Cellular Respiration

62
Q

What organelles do Animal and Plant cells not share?

A

Animal: Lysosomes
Plant: Central Vacuole, Plastids

63
Q

What order did the organelle events in the cell occur?

A

Nuclei, Mitochondria, Chloroplast

Mitochondria, and chloroplast are semi autonomous, they create their own proteins

64
Q

What are the Chains of Globular Proteins and Bundles of fibrous proteins in prokaryotes?

A

GP: MreB-causes bacteria to become rod shaped to help them swim
FP:Crescentin-curved cells so they can swim

65
Q

What is the difference between mobility and motility?

A

Mobility is the ability to move, Motility is the ability to move on its own

66
Q

How do bacteria move using flagella?

A

Made of Flagellin, anchored to the cell wall with a cylindrical base. A proton pump uses ATP to pump H+ out and then it diffuses back in and rotates the flagella. They move by run, tumble, run, tumble. It is faster than axial filaments.

67
Q

How do Axial Filaments work?

A

On the side of the bacteria rather than the back, and they are better in thick environments

68
Q

What are the Chains of Globular Proteins and Bundles of Fibrous Proteins in eukaryotes?

A

GP: Microtubules-made of alpha and beta tubulin, made of plus and minus ends, only the plus ends can be changed. They grow from centrosomes
Actin-filaments-G Actin, can be changed at either end
FP: Cytokeratins(cytosol), Nuclear Lamins(Nucleus), can be only 1 or many. They connect Desmosomes.

69
Q

What is responsible for Compression or Tension?

A

Microtubules: Compression

Actin Filaments and Intermediate Filaments: Tension

70
Q

What is Cell Crawling?

A

G-Actin converts to F-Actin, and moves towards the end.

71
Q

How do Plant cells move Chloroplasts?

A

Myosins and F-Actins move the chloroplasts in circles

72
Q

How are Transport Vesicles moved?

A

Kinesins on Microtubules move towards plus ends, and Dyneins move towards the minus ends

73
Q

How do sperm and eggs move towards each other?

A

Microtubules and Dynein and bending

74
Q

What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?

A 
Transport
Enzymatic Activity
Signal Transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular Joining
Attachment to ECM

Bio 107 (2 decks)

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