Part 91 General Rules Flashcards
91.3
Responsibility & Authority of PIC
The PIC of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft
91.103
Preflight Action NW KRAFT NOTAMs Weather Known ATC delays (IFR) Runway lengths you intend to use Alternate destinations available Fuel requirements Takeoff and landing distance calculations
91.107
Safety Belts
Before takeoff, the PIC must brief all passengers on how to use their safety belt and shoulder harness
Everyone onboard should wear their safety belt and shoulder harness during surface movement, takeoff, and landing
Enroute, crewmembers may take off their shoulder harnesses and passengers may takeoff both their safety belts and shoulder harnesses
A child under 2 years old can be held by an adult
91.113
Right of Way Rules
Right-of-way is based on maneuverability – slower aircraft always have right-of-way over more maneuverable aircraft
Converging head-on – both must give way to the right to avoid each other, regardless of category
Same category converging, not head-on - aircraft on the right has right of way, aircraft on left must turn left
Aircraft being overtaken has right of way, overtaking aircraft will pass on the right
When landing, aircraft with lower altitude has right of way
Aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft have right-of-way over all other engine-driven aircraft
Aircraft in distress Balloons Gliders Aircraft towing things or refueling other aircraft Airships Airplanes Rotorcraft
91.117
Aircraft Speed
Below 10,000ft MSL indicated airspeed limit is 250 knots
Unless otherwise authorized or required byATC, nopersonmay operate anaircraftat or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 nautical miles of the primaryairportof a Class C or Class D airspace area at anindicated airspeedof more than 200 knots.
Nopersonmay operate anaircraftin the airspace underlying a Class B airspace area designated for anairportor in aVFRcorridor designated through such a Class B airspace area, at anindicated airspeedof more than 200 knots.
91.119
Minimum Safe Altitudes
Anywhere – must fly at an altitude where, in the event of an engine failure, an emergency landing can be made without undue hazard to persons or property
Over congested areas – vertical distance of 1,000ft and horizontal distance of 2,000ft from any obstacle (tall buildings)
Other areas – at least 500ft AGL
Over wildlife refuges – at least 2,000ft AGL
Aerobatic flight – abrupt acrobatic maneuvers are not allowed over congested areas, below 1,500ft AGL, and when flight visibility is less than 3SM
91.125
Light Gun Signals
See Chart
91.151
VFR Fuel Requirements
Nopersonmay begin a flight in anairplaneunderVFRconditions unless there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed plus:
During the day, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes; or
Atnight, to fly after that for at least 45 minutes.
91.155
Basic VFR Weather Minimums
See Chart
91.157
Special VFR Weather Minimums
SVFR is only allowed with ATC clearance, remaining clear of clouds, and ground visibility of 1SM, if ground visibility is unavailable, flight visibility of 1SM
SVFR may only be conducted within the lateral boundaries of controlled airspace designated to the surface for an airport
91.159
VFR Cruising Altitudes
These rules apply to VFR flight between 3,000ft AGL – 18,000ft MSL
If you’re flying a magnetic course of 0-179° (Eastward) you must fly at an odd-thousand-foot MSL altitude + 500 feet
If you’re flying a magnetic course of 180-359° (Westward) you must fly at an even-thousand-foot MSL altitude + 500 feet
This rule exists to help converging aircraft maintain vertical separation
Pick your cruising altitude based on these rules, speeds and direction of winds aloft, and reported or forecasted icing
91.205
Equipment Requirements for Day and Night VFR Flight
Daytime
A TOMATOE FLAMES
Altimeter
Tachometer for each engine
Oil pressure gage for each engine using pressure system
Manifold pressure gage for each altitude engine (uses a turbocharger)
Airspeed indicator
Temperature gage for each liquid-cooled engine
Oil temperature gage for each air-cooled engine
Emergency equipment if for hire over water and beyond power-off gliding distance from shore (flotation gear and flare)
Fuel gage for each tank Landing gear position indicator for retractable landing gear Anti-collision lights (strobe & beacon) Magnetic compass ELT unless the activity is listed in sections E and F of 91.207 Safety belts and shoulder harnesses Nighttime All daytime instruments and equipment plus: FLAPS (spare) Fuses or circuit breakers Landing light (if for hire) Anti-collision lights Position lights (navigation lights) Source of electricity
91.207
ELT
All airplanes are required to have an ELT
Batteries used in the ELT must be replaced or recharged,
(1)When the transmitter has been in use for more than 1 cumulative hour; or
(2)When 50 percent of their useful life has expired
Each emergency locator transmitter must be inspected within 12 calendar months after the last inspection
Exceptions for not requiring an ELT: ferrying somewhere to be fixed or when flight training is being conducted within 50NM of the airport (non-XC)
91.211
Supplemental Oxygen Requirements
(a) General.Nopersonmay operate acivil aircraftof U.S. registry -
(1) At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration;
(2) At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen during the entireflight timeat those altitudes; and
(3) At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet (MSL) unless each occupant of theaircraftis provided with supplemental oxygen.
91.213
Inop Equipment
You may not takeoff in an aircraft with inoperative instruments or equipment installed unless, you have a MEL with a letter of authorization from a FSDO; MELs must be onboard aircraft
For in-flight instrument/equipment failures, refer to check lists, the POH, and utilize ATC, do not use the MEL
If no MEL, the inop instrument or equipment must not be
Part of the Cessna 172R type certificate, 3A12
Indicated as Required on the comprehensive equipment list
Required by 91.205
Required by the Kinds of Operations
Or required by an AD
The inop instrument or equipment must then be removed, placarded inoperative, and maintenance recorded, or if it cannot be removed, deactivated and placarded inoperative
Finally, the pilot must determine that the inop equipment does not constitute a hazard to the aircraft
An aircraft with inop instruments or equipment or overdue inspection can be operated under a special flight permit issued in accordance with 21.197 and 21.199
