Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

M2 Semester 1 (Anatomy) > Part 4 of 6 Anatomy > Flashcards

Part 4 of 6 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the instruments used in dissection and understand the proper technique for their usage.

A

See F405 - Dissection instruments and usage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the dissection techniques used for superficial skin cutting.

A

See F406 - Superficial Skin Dissection Technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the dissection techniques used for deep skin cutting.

A

See F407 - Deep Dissection Technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Be able to draw the brachial plexus and associated branches.

A

F699 -
Brachial plexus structure and branching.

Check that you can name the roots, trunks, divisions and cords.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the relations of the brachial plexus.

A

F700 -
Brachial plexus anatomical relations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Know the innervation (there are exceptions) of the major compartments of the upper limb.

A

F701 - Innervation of the major compartments of upper limb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 joints that make up the shoulder joint complex?

A
  1. Sternoclavicular
  2. Acromioclavicular
  3. Scapulothoracic articulation
  4. Glenohumeral

F702 - Shoulder joint complex anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the anatomy and movements of the sternoclavicular joint, one of the joints which make up the shoulder joint complex.

A

Sternoclavicular Joint

  • First rib and costoclavicular ligament - 1st rib and collarbone

Ligaments of SC Joint

  • Ligaments:
    • Sternoclavicular & Interclavicular ligaments
    • Costoclavicular ligament
  • Make this joint very strong - usually the clavicle will fracture before the before dislocating the joint!
  • Hence limited movements

F703 - Sternoclavicular joint anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the anatomy and movements of the acromioclavicular joint.

A

F704 - Acromioclavicular joint anatomy

Acromioclavicular Joint Anatomy

  • Strong joint, allow slight rotatory and gliding type movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the types and mechanisms of shoulder separation.

A

Mechanism

  • Usually falling on shoulder

Types

  1. Type I: acromioclavicular lig stretched not damaged
  2. Type II: clavicle still attached to scapula
  3. Type III: acroclavic lig and other ligs are ruptured. Note that the upper limb is detached from shoulder joint.

F705 - Shoulder separation mechanism and types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the anatomy of the glenohumeral joint.

Describe the factors cntributing to mobility.

A

Glenohumeral Joint

  • Ball & socket type of synovial joint.
  • Joint with widest range of movement.
  • Allows reaching of objects for hand to perform intricate movements.
  • Factors allow mobility:
    • Flat glenoid (only 1/3rd of humeral head is in contact
    • Lax capsule

Note that high mobility = decreased stability

F706 - Glenohumeral joint anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the factors contrinbuting to glenohumeral joint stability.

A
  1. Static stabilisers
    • Glenoidal labrum, see F707 - Glenoid fossa
    • Capsule
    • Ligaments
  2. Dynamic stabilisers
    • Rotator cuff
    • Other muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the static stabilisers in the glenohumeral joint.

A

1. Glenoid labrum

  • Fibrous cartilage attached to the rim of the glenoid
  • Widens and deepens the glenoid fossa
  • Site of attachment of ligaments (glenohumeral) & tendons (biceps longhead)

2. Capsule and Ligaments

  • VERY Lax capsule - head can move almost 2cm away from the glenoid!
  • Ligament reinforcement, namely:
    1. Superior glenohumeral
    2. Middle glenohumeral
    3. Inferior glenohumeral
    4. Coracohumeral
  • Ligaments have a gap anteriorsuperiorly to allow tendon of long head of biceps to run through
  • Outside capsule, further reinforcement by:
    1. Coracoacromial ligament
    2. Rotator cuff tendon reinforcement

F708 - Static stabilisers of glenohumeral joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the dynamic stabilisers in the glenohumeral joint.

A

1. Rotator Cuff Muscles

  • Muscles help to stabilise the glenohumeral joint, known as rotator cuff muscles:
    1. Posterior: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
    2. Anterior: subscapularis
  • Muscle tone help keep humeral head centred on the glenoid joint, providing stability against shear forces from large external muscles
  • Weakness in rotator cuff muscles –> imbalance of muscle tone –> abnormal positioning of humeral head in movements –> instability

F709 - Rotator cuff muscles

2. Proprioceptors

  • Proprioceptors very important - significant role in stability of joint, signalling alter tone of muscles acting on joint - large number in anterior-inferior capsule
  • E.g. abduction and external rotation - humeral head contacts capsule –> feedback –> proprioceptors stimulate stabilising muscles –> contain humeral head in place
  • Capsular injuries –> defective proprioception –> unstable joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the mechanism and types of shoulder dislocation.

A

An overview of shoulder dislocation

  • Most commonly dislocated joint in the body
  • 85% is anterior dislocation

Mechanism

  • Anterior dislocation: Force transmitted through abducted, extended and externally rotated arm –> pectoralis major muscle then pulls the humeral head under the coracoid process –> subcoracoid position
  • Posterior dislocation: Usually associated with epileptic seizures
  • Pure inferior dislocation: Force on fully abducted arm driving the humeral head inferiorly, occurs in motorcycle accidents

F710 - Types of shoulder dislocation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the complications of recurrent dislocation.

A

1. Related Lesions

F711 - Complications of recurrent shoulder dislocation

2. Closeby Structure Damage

  • Similar damage to surgical neck fracture
    • Axillary nerves - deltoid and teres minor affected, cutaneous innervation of skin over deltoid
    • Circumflex artery
  • Always check for vascular integrity
    *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe what the subacromial space is and the clinical relevance of it.

A

Subacromial space = space between the coracoacromial arch (superior roof) and humeral head (inferior floor)

Contents = supraspinatus, part of infraspinatus, long head of biceps tendon, subacromial bursa

Clinical relevance = Impingement of rotator cuff tendons if hooked acromion, acromial osteophytes, AC joint pathologies, SA bursitis, tendinitis, scapulo-humeral incoordination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the main muscles acting on the scapula?

A
  1. Trapezius
    1. Superior fibres = upward rotation
    2. Inferior fibres = upward rotation
  2. Levator scapulae
  3. Rhomboid major and minor = adduction
  4. Serratus anterior (innervated by long thoracic n) = protraction (e.g. punching) and upward rotation for abduction. Anchors scapula against rib cage, so when long thoracic n. C5-C7 is damaged, then scapular winging occurs. E.g. breast cancer, trauma.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the main muscles acting on the glenohumeral joint?

A

2 Major Groups

1. Powerful Movers

  • See F12 - Powerful mover muscles of glenohumeral joint

2. Short Stabilisers

  • See F13 - Short stabilisers of glenohumeral joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What muscles are used in shoulder flexion?

A
  • F714 - Muscles of shoulder flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What muscles are used in shoulder extension?

A
  • See F715 - Muscles of shoulder extension
22
Q

Describe the structure and supporting ligaments of the elbow joint.

A

F716 - Structure and ligaments of elbow joint.

23
Q

Describe the neurovascular relations of the elbow.

A

F717 - Neurovascular relations of elbow.

24
Q

List the layers of the human scalp, describe them and their functions

A

S - Skin

C - Connective Tissue

A - Aponeurosis

L - Loose connective tissue

P - Pericranium

(See F409 - Layers of the scalp and functions)

25
Q

Explain the vascularisation of the scalp and the clinical significance of this with regard to scalp injuries and infections.

A

Scalp is richly vascularised, especially in the subcutaneous connective tissue layer between the skin and epicranial aponeurosis.

  • Multiple sources of blood
  • Freely anastamose with each other
  • Arteries tightly anchored to connective tissue, limiting vasospasm if the artery is cut

Clinical Significance

  • Profuse bleeding
  • Very good healing of wounds
  • Infections can spread into the cranial cavity via the emissary veins
26
Q

Explain the clinical significance of the aponeurosis layer in the scalp with regard to scalp wounds.

A

· Epicranial aponeurosis is important – very strong, hence holds margins of superficial scalp wounds together – do not gape.

· Deep sutures not required when suturing these wounds.

· Deep scalp wounds gape more when epicranial aponeurois is lacerated in coronal plane because of pull frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle in opposite directions. (anteriorly and posteriorly)

(See F410- Scalp aponeurosis relation to occipitofrontalis m.)

27
Q

Why does sub-aponeurotic bleeding in the scalp lead to a ‘black eye’?

A
  • Blood under the aponeurosis layer in the scalp can track down to the eyelid via the loose areolar tissue
28
Q

What layers of the scalp are removed during ‘scalping’?

A

All layers except the pericranium, generally.

29
Q

Explain what shape a cephalohaematoma would be in.

A
  • Cephalohaematoma = haemorrhage between skull and periosteum
  • Blood would collect between the two layers and take the shape of the bone
30
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply of the scalp.

A

The arterial supply of the scalp is via the:

1. External carotid arteries

  • Occipital
  • Posterior auricular
  • Superficial temporal arteries

2. Internal carotid arteries

  • Suptratrochlear
  • Supraorbital

(See F411 - Arterial supply of the scalp)

These arteries of the scalp do little to supply the neurocranium, which is supplied mainly by the middle meningeal artery

31
Q

Name and identify the bones of the skull, noting:

  1. Which bones are found in the face
  • Paired bones
  • Singular bones
  1. Which bones are found in the cranium
  • Paired bones
  • Singular bones
A

(See F412 - Paired and singular bones of the face and skull)

32
Q

Name and identify the sutures of the skull and explain which bones they join.

A

(See F13 - Cranial sutures)

33
Q

How would you be able to tell whether a line on the skull was a fracture or a natural cranial suture?

A
  1. Location
  2. Characteristic - fractures are usually smooth lines while cranial sutures are jagged.
34
Q

Explain the features characteristic of a newborn’s head with regard to the cranial sutures.

A

Newborn Head

1. Posterior Fontanelle (Closure at 6-12mths)

  • At birth, junction between occipital and parietal bones is membranous
  • This region is known as the ‘fontanelle’
  • Delayed fusion of this area can indicate developmental abnormalities, e.g. Down Syndrome and early fusion can also impede brain growth.
    1. Metopic*
  • Dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six
    1. Anterior Fontanelle* (Closure at 12-18mths)
  • Lozenge-shaped ‘hole’ at junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture
  • Allows baby’s head to deform through birth passage and also allow brain growth

(See F414 - Cranial sutures and fontanelles of newborn)

35
Q

Explain the arterial blood supply of the neurocranium and important surface landmarks.

A
  • Middle meningeal artery is the major source of blood for the neurocranium
  • 2 branches:
    • Anterior
    • Posterior

Pterion

  • Junction of the greater wing of the sphenoid, temporal, frontal and parietal bones, overlines course of anterior division of middle meningeal artery
  • ADMMA lies in groove on internal aspect of lateral wall of calvaria under the pterion

How to find the pterion:
(See F415 - Pterion and the anterior part of middle meningeal a.)

  • 2 finger’s breadth above the zygomatic arch
  • A thumb’s breadth posterior to frontal process of zygomatic bone

Clinical Significance

  • Fracture of pterion = life-threatening - pterion’s thin bones may rupture the underlying ant. branch of MMA.
  • Haematoma formation –> pressure on cerebral cortex –> untreated middle meningeal artery haemorrhage - death in a few hours
36
Q

Recognise the major features on the external aspect of base of the skull.

A

(See F416 - Major features on ext aspect skull base)

Also note:

Temporal Bone Parts

  1. Squamous part - thin section on lateral aspect
  2. Tympanic - part of external auditory meatus, visible from outside
  3. Mastoid - mastoid process

Occipital Bone

  • Occipital condoyles articulate with atlas

Palate

  • Multi-bone structure, made of palatine part of maxilla and zygomatic bone
37
Q

Recognise the major cranial fossa on the internal aspect of the skull base as well as which lobes of the brain they house.

A

(See F417 - Fossa and features of int. aspect skull base)

38
Q

Name the types of skull fractures and major factors which contribute to the fracture.

A

Types of Skull Fractures

  1. Linear
  2. Depressed
  3. Diastatic

Factors which contribute to Fracture

  1. Velocity and force
  2. Localised/ diffuse impact
  3. Site of cranium involved
  4. Thickness of hair, scalp and skull
39
Q

What is a linear skull fracture?

A
  • Linear break in skull, due to:
    • Low energy blunt trauma
  • Clinically significant if fracture runs through vascular channel, air sinus, CN foramina or a suture

(See F418 - 3 major types of skull fracture)

40
Q

What is a depressed skull fracture?

A
  • Due to high energy blunt trauma to a small surface area, causing depressed area in skull (can be comminuted, i.e. fragmented particles everywhere)
  • Involvement of the inner-table (i.e. the internal layer of cortical bone in the skull) may damage brain tissue

(See F418 - 3 major types of skull fracture)

41
Q

What is a diastatic skull fracture?

A
  • Fracture goes along line of a cranial suture, causing widening of the suture
  • Usually occurs in infants before proper fusion of the sutures.

(See F418 - 3 major types of skull fracture)

42
Q

Name 4 signs which indicate a compound fracture (laceration of epidermis, meninges or breaching of sinuses/ meatuses - exposing cranial cavity to outside) of the skull

A
  1. Presence of gas in the cranial cavity
  2. Presence of foreign body in the cranial cavity
  3. CSF rhinorrhoea: fracture in floore of anterior cranial fossa - cribiform plate of ethmoid also involved, leakage of CSF through nose.
  4. CSF otorrhoea: meninges superior to middle ear torn, tympanic membrane ruptured.

CSF rhinorrhea - can be distinguished from mucus by testing glucose level - CSF glucose is the same as blood.

Both 3 and 4 indicate cranial base fractures - increased risk of meningitis - infection could spread to meninges from ear or nose

43
Q

Name the bones which form the orbit of the skull. Which part of the orbit is particularly prone to fractures?

A

Bones forming the orbit

(See F420 - Bones of the orbit of the skull)

Clinical Significance - Fracture Vulnerability

  • Lamina papyracea of the ethmoid bone part of the orbit is very thin, (medial wall of orbit) - particularly easy to fracture
44
Q

Name the relations of the orbit.

A
  • Superior: anterior cranial fossa
  • Inferior: maxillary sinus
  • Medial wall: ethmoid and sphenoidal sinus

(See F420 - Facial air sinuses)

45
Q

List and describe the 2 major types of orbital fractures.

A

Orbital Fractures

1. Rim Fractures

  • Severe, high impact causing fracture of bones of the orbital rim

2. Orbital Fractures

  • Moderate, lower impact, rim is intact but thinner inferior and medial walls of orbit fracture
46
Q

Describe the presentation of an orbital fracture.

A
  • Bruising
  • Intraorbital bleeding
  • Exophthalmos
  • Nerve damage/Muscle entrapment-damage - Gaze abnormalities
47
Q

Bear is a patient who has checked into GCUH. His conjunctiva are red from blood. When he looks left and right, you can’t see the edge of the bleeding. Is this serious?

A
  • Yes! This may be indicative of blood tracking down from a skull base fracture into the subconjunctival area, because you can’t see the posterior edge of the bleeding.
  • Likely anterior cranial fossa fracture
48
Q

What is Battle’s Sign and raccoon eyes?

A

Battle’s sign consists of bruising over the mastoid process, indicative of basilar skull fracture (skull base).

Raccoon eyes - periorbital ecchymosis is a sign of basal skull fracture, or rupture of meninges e.g. due to surgery.

(See F421 - Battle’s Sign and ecchymosis)

49
Q

Name, identify and locate the air sinuses of the face.

A

See F420 - Facial air sinuses

50
Q

List 3 signs of air sinus injury.

A
  1. Subcutaneous emphysema: when air gets into tissues under the skin
  2. CSF leak
  3. Fluid in sinuses

M2 Semester 1 (Anatomy) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions