Part 4: Field Survey

Question 1

Subpart 1 Rule 16: Horizontal datum: orientation?

Answer 1

[16] Horizontal datum: orientation

(1) Every bearing in a cadastral survey that defines or marks a new primary parcel boundary point must be oriented in terms of an official projection applicable to the area (see Schedule 3).
(2) However, subclause (1) does not apply if the survey does not make a new field measurement.
(3) every bearing in a cadastral survey must be expressed in terms of the same horizontal projection.

Question 2

Subpart 1 Rule 17: Horizontal datum: connection?

Answer 2

[17] Horizontal datum: connection

(1) A new boundary point, a new boundary mark, and an old boundary mark on a primary parcel being created must be connected by 1 or more vectors to—
(a) a cadastral survey network mark (see Schedule 4) within 1000m, where one exists; or
(b) any cadastral survey network mark, where one does not exist within 1000m.
(2) The vectors required by subclause (1) must be adopted or measured.

Question 3

Subpart 1 Rule 18: Vertical datum?

Answer 3

[18] Vertical datum

(1) All reduced levels in a survey must be expressed in terms of a single official vertical datum (see Schedule 5).
(2) If 1 or more vertical control marks (see Schedule 6) exist within 1000m of any new height-limited boundary point that is defined by a reduced level, at least 1 of those vertical control marks must be included in the survey.
(3) If no vertical control mark exists within 1000m of any boundary point referred to in subclause (2), a vertical control mark at any distance must be included in the survey.

Question 4

Subpart 2 Rule 19: Accuracy of non-boundary marks?

Answer 4

[19] Accuracy of non-boundary marks

(1) The horizontal accuracy between any 2 new or old non-boundary marks must not exceed—
0.025 + (dist x 0.00005) m to a maximum of 0.20m
where dist is the horizontal distance between the marks in metres.
(2) The vertical accuracy between any 2 new or old non-boundary marks must not exceed—
0.030 + (dist x 0.0001) m to a maximum of 0.20m
where dist is the slope distance between the marks in metres.

Question 5

Subpart 2 Rule 20: Accuracy of connection to control network?

Answer 5

[20] Accuracy of connection to control network

(1) The horizontal accuracy between any adopted cadastral survey network mark and a new or an old non-boundary mark must not exceed—
0.025 + (dist x 0.00015) m to a maximum of 0.20m
where dist is the horizontal distance between the marks in metres.
(2) The vertical accuracy between any vertical control mark and a new height-limited boundary point must not exceed—
0.030 + (dist x 0.0001) m to a maximum of 0.20m
where dist is the slope distance between the marks in metres.

Question 6

Subpart 2 Rule 21: Accuracy of boundary referencing?

Answer 6

[21] Accuracy of boundary referencing
The accuracy between a boundary point required by these rules to be referenced and all old and new non-boundary marks within the distances specified in rule 32, 51(2), or 61(4) must not exceed the tolerance specified for the relevant class in table 1.

Table 1: Accuracy tolerances for boundary referencing
Class of boundary point: A Horizontal tolerance: 0.03m Vertical tolerance: 0.04m
Class of boundary point: B Horizontal tolerance: 0.20m Vertical tolerance: 0.20m
Class of boundary point: C Horizontal tolerance: 0.60m Vertical tolerance: 0.60m
Class of boundary point: D Horizontal tolerance: N/A Vertical tolerance: N/A

Question 7

Subpart 2 Rule 22: Use of Class A?

Answer 7

[22] Use of Class A

(1) Class A accuracies must be used for a boundary and its associated boundary points that are—
(a) in or adjoining an urban area; or
(b) intended as a result of a survey to be in an urban area.
(2) Class A accuracies must be used for the boundary and the associated boundary points of any parcel that is not in an urban area, but is used, or is intended as a result of a survey to be used intensively, for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes.
(3) Class A accuracies may be used in any other circumstances instead of Class B or Class C accuracies.

Question 8

Subpart 2 Rule 23: Use of Class B?

Answer 8

[23] Use of Class B

Class B accuracies must be used for a boundary and its associated boundary points unless—
(a) rule 22 requires class A to be used; or
(b) class C or class D accuracies are used in accordance with rule 24 or 25.

Question 9

Subpart 2 Rule 24: Use of Class C?

Answer 9

[24] Use of Class C

Class C accuracies may be used for an existing primary parcel boundary and its associated boundary points that are adopted if—
(a) the boundary is part of a primary parcel that is—
(i) over 20 ha and comprises more than 80% of the existing primary parcel being extinguished; or
(ii) over 100 ha; and
(b) either—
(i) its boundary points do not meet the class B accuracy tolerances in rule 27; or
(ii) the parcel is part of a title that is to remain limited as to parcels or remain a Hawke’s Bay interim title.

Question 10

Subpart 2 Rule 25: Use of Class D?

Answer 10

[25] Use of Class D

Class D must be used for a boundary and its associated boundary points that have been accepted under rule 15.

Question 11

Subpart 2 Rule 26: Class to be used where different connected boundaries have different classes?

Answer 11

[26] Class to be used where connected boundaries have different classes

The accuracy class that applies to a boundary point must be the most accurate class of boundaries connected to that point.

Question 12

Subpart 2 Rule 27: Accuracy of boundary points?

Answer 12

[27] Accuracy of boundary points

(1) The horizontal and vertical accuracy between any boundary point and any other boundary point on a parcel under survey must not exceed the tolerance specified for the relevant class in table 2.

Table 2: Accuracy tolerances for boundary points
Boundary Class: A Tolerance: 0.06 + (dist x 0.00015) m
Boundary Class: B Tolerance: 0.30 + (dist x 0.0006) m
Boundary Class: C Tolerance: 1.00 + (dist x 0.003) m
Boundary Class: D Tolerance: Not specified

(2) If 2 boundary points have different accuracy classes, the less accurate tolerance applies between those 2 points.
(3) The accuracy standards in subclause (1) also apply when reinstating a boundary.
(4) The accuracy standards in subclause (1) also apply between the boundary points of a non-primary parcel and the boundary points of its underlying parcel if that underlying parcel is not being created by the survey.

Question 13

Subpart 2 Rule 28: Accuracy must be sufficient to avoid overlap?

Answer 13

[28] Accuracy must be sufficient to avoid overlap

The relationship between a new boundary and any other boundary, including a boundary that is accepted or adopted, must be determined to a sufficient level of accuracy to address the risk of incompatible rights overlapping.

Question 14

Subpart 2 Rule 29: Accuracy of water, water centre-line, and irregular boundaries?

Answer 14

[29] Accuracy of water, water centre-line, and irregular boundaries

(1) Accuracy classes do not apply to a water boundary, a water centre-line boundary, or an irregular boundary.
(2) The position of a water boundary, a water centre-line boundary, or an irregular boundary, including an adopted boundary, must be determined to a sufficient level of accuracy to take into account—
(a) the risk of overlap or ambiguity in boundaries, including a water boundary on the other side of the water body; and
(b) any statutory requirement applying to the width or size of the related water bodies; and
(c) the potential for the margin of the water body to move and for the water-related boundary to move or become permanent as a result of that movement; and
(d) the nature of the physical feature that defines the water body margin; and
the value of the land and the intensity of the land use.
(3) However, subclause (2) does not apply to accepted water boundaries, accepted water centre-line boundaries, or accepted irregular boundaries.

Question 15

Subpart 2 Rule 30: Accuracy of intersection of right-line boundary with water, water centre-line, or irregular boundary?

Answer 15

[30] Accuracy of intersection of right-line boundary with water, water centre-line, or irregular boundary

If a right line boundary intersects a water boundary, a water centre-line boundary, or an irregular boundary,—
(a) the bearing must be defined to class A, B, or C accuracies (as appropriate); and
(b) the distance must match the accuracy of the water boundary, water centre-line boundary, or irregular boundary as determined under rule 29(2) and must be class D.

Question 16

Subpart 3 Rule 31: Boundary points must be referenced?

Answer 16

[31] Boundary points must be referenced

The following points or marks on a cadastral survey must be referenced by a permanent reference mark:
(a) a primary parcel boundary point (marked or unmarked) that is being defined by survey, other than a point on a water boundary, a water centre-line, or an irregular boundary:
(b) every new or old boundary mark on the boundary of a parcel under survey:
(c) a new height-limited primary parcel boundary point that is defined by a reduced level.

Question 17

Subpart 3 Rule 32: Number and distance of permanent reference marks?

Answer 17

[32] Number and distance of permanent reference marks

(1) If a boundary point is required by these rules to be referenced, that boundary point must—
(a) be within 150m of a PRM if it is class A:
(b) be within 500m of a PRM if it is class B:
(c) be within 1000m of a PRM if it is class C.
(2) The survey must include at least 3 PRM’s that are each within the applicable distance in subclause (1) of at least 1 boundary point that is required to be referenced.

Question 18

Subpart 3 Rule 33: Nature of permanent reference marks?

Answer 18

[33] Nature of permanent reference marks

(1) A PRM must be likely to remain usable and not be disturbed in the foreseeable future, and accordingly be—
(a) made of durable material; and
(b) set in stable material; and
(c) located in a suitable position.
(2) An adopted mark must not be used as a PRM.

Question 19

Subpart 3 Rule 34: Reference marks for height-limited boundaries to have reduced levels?

Answer 19

[34] Reference marks for height-limited boundaries to have reduced levels

In the case of a height-limited boundary point that is required by these rules to be referenced, at least 2 of the PRM’s required by rule 32 must have a reduced level.

Question 20

Subpart 4 Rule 35: Boundaries must be marked?

Answer 20

[35] Boundaries must be marked

(1) a new boundary point on a new primary parcel must be marked, if practicable, unless—
(a) it is a boundary point that is only between new parcels that are all intended to remain in the same Crown or territorial authority ownership; or
(b) the Maori Land Court does not require the boundary to be marked; or
(c) it is a boundary point that is only between parcels that are required to be, or as a result of the survey will be required to be, held in common ownership; or
(d) it is on a boundary where the parcels on each side of that boundary are required to be, or as a result of the survey will required to be, subject to reciprocal rights of way; or
(e) it is unlikely that it will needed to be physically located in the foreseeable future because of the terrain, ground cover, or protected vegetation; or
(f) it is a boundary point that results from an existing irregular boundary, water boundary, or water centre-line boundary that is being converted to a class B right-line boundary; or
(g) it coincides with a water boundary.
(2) The following boundary points on an existing boundary of a new primary parcel must be marked, if practicable:
(a) a boundary point that is subject to conflict:
(b) an existing boundary whose definition in an approved CSD is insufficient to enable its compliance with the applicable accuracy standard to be determined:
(c) an existing boundary that is only defined on a diagram on transfer:
(d) an existing boundary of a a parcel whose limitations are being uplifted:
(e) an existing boundary of a parcel to support an application to make a Hawke’s Bay interim title conclusive:
(f) an existing boundary of a parcel that is subject to a claim for adverse possession:
(g) an existing boundary or boundary point that was created on a Maori land CSD that is annotated “computed plan – areas and boundaries not defined by survey”:
(h) a boundary point that was previously an unmarked non-primary parcel boundary point.
(3) A boundary of a parcel that is to remain limited as to parcels must not be marks unless it is also part of a parcel that is required by subclause (2)(d) to be marked.

Question 21

Subpart 4 Rule 36: New boundary marks?

Answer 21

[36] New boundary marks

(1) A new boundary mark must be—
(a) a wooden peg, chamfered at the top, with a minimum width of 45 mm and at least 3000 mm^2 in cross section; or
(b) any other type of peg that is clearly labelled as a boundary mark; or
(c) a post; or
(d) a mark in a post that, if practicable, is clearly labelled as a boundary mark; or
(e) if compliance with any of paragraphs (a) to (d) is impracticable, any other type of mark that, if practicable, is clearly labelled as a boundary mark.
(2) A new boundary mark must be—
(a) soundly anchored in place; and
(b) readily visible, if practicable; and
(c) placed on a boundary point.

Question 22

Subpart 4 Rule 37: Disturbed boundary marks and survey marks?

Answer 22

[37] Disturbed boundary marks and survey marks

(1) A disturbed boundary mark may be removed or driven below the surface.
(2) Subclause is treated as prior written approval of the Surveyor-General under section 55(5) of the Act.
(3) A disturbed boundary or non-boundary mark must be treated as a new survey mark at its new position.