part 4 Flashcards by Natalya Snock

At what stage of the formal criminal justice process does the defendant enter their official plea?

Arraignment

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Criminal justice agencies are political entities whose structure and function are lodged within the ________________, _________________, and ______________ branches of the government.

legislative, judicial, and executive

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Which branch of government defines the law by determining what conduct is prohibited and establishes criminal penalties for those who violate the law?

Legislative

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The criminal justice system is divided into three main components including:

police, courts, and corrections

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The prosecutor, after reviewing a case, may decide to take no further action; this is referred to as _______ _________.

nolle prosequi

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The ___________ is the step in the criminal justice process at which time the accused is read the charges, informed of his/her constitutional rights, enters an initial plea, a trial date is set, and bail issues are considered.

arraignment

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At the ______ stage in the criminal justice process the decision is made whether or not the defendant is to remain in custody or be released.

bail

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Which level of Walker’s criminal justice wedding cake model is made up of less serious felonies committed by first-time offenders?

Level III

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Which level of Walker’s criminal justice wedding cake model is made up of serious felonies such as rapes, robberies, and burglaries?

Level II

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Which perspective emphasizes crime prevention through the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishments such as the death penalty?

Crime Control

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Which of the following criminal justice perspectives would view providing economic opportunities, job training, and family counseling as a more effective means to reduce crime, than prisons and jails?

Rehabilitation

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A judge who refuses to allow evidence to be heard during a trial, because police seized it without a proper search warrant, would be subscribing to which of the following perspectives?

Due Process

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Which of the following is not an important element of the restorative justice model?
a. Offenders should be reintegrated into society.
b. Coercive punishments are self-defeating.
c. The justice system must become more humane.
d. More prisons need to be constructed to
incapacitate offenders and keep them out of society.

More prisons need to be constructed to incapacitate offenders and keep them out of society.

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he criminal justice system is now taking on new duties which include protection against all but which of the following?
a. cyber criminals
b. transnational organized criminals
c. domestic terrorists
d. international white collar criminals

international white collar criminals

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According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the most commonly used forms of correctional control in the U.S?
a. fines or restitution
b. treatment or community service
c. house arrest or drug testing
d. incarceration or probation

d. incarceration or probation

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In which of the following instances would a prosecutor be violating ethical standards?
a. If s/he proceeds to trial knowing that that key
evidence has been illegally seized by police
officers.
b. If s/he is unwilling to make a plea agreement with a
defense attorney.
c. If s/he consistently seeks the maximum punishment
for all DWI cases.
d. If s/he is willing to ask for a more lenient punishment
in exchange for a defendant’s testimony.

a. If s/he proceeds to trial knowing that that key evidence has been illegally seized by police officers.

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the ________ perspective sees the justice system as a mechanism of caring for and treating people who cannot manage themselves, and assumes people are at the mercy of social, economic, and interpersonal conditions.

Rehabilitation

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Between 1976 and 1999, 566 people were executed in the United States and 82 individuals awaiting execution were exonerated. This is a ratio of 1 individual freed for every 7 individuals executed. Such serious errors in the criminal justice system are of concern to advocates of the _______ perspective.

Due process

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f you believe in the concept of “just desserts”, which justice perspective do you favor?

Equal justice

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The agencies which make up the criminal justice system are directly involved in all but which function relating to those charged with criminal offenses:
a. control
b. prosecution
c. apprehension
d. defense

d. defense

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Which of the following is society’s instrument of social control?
a. The Judicial system
b. Executive branch of government
c. Legislative branch of government
d. The Criminal Justice System

d. The Criminal Justice System

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The period 1900-1935 was dominated by which criminal group?

Depression-era Outlaws

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The first police agency was created in 1829 in which city?

London

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President Johnson was responsible for creating which of the following organizations: a. Chicago Grime Commission b. The Wickersham Commission c. The Crime Commission d. The ABF Project

c. The Crime Commission

What is the most important reason ethics are important to law enforcement?

Law enforcement has the authority to deprive people of their liberty

Which statement does not reflect the conflict view of crime? a. Crimes are behaviors that are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens living in society. b. Crime is the outcome of class struggle between the rich and the poor. c. Property crimes are heavily punished in order to protect the wealth of the affluent. d. Drug laws ensure that workers will be productive.

a. Crimes are behaviors that are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens living in society.

The three views of how and why some behaviors become illegal and are considered crimes are the consensus, conflict, and _________________ views.

interactionist

According to the _______ view of crime, behaviors that become crimes are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens and therefore there is general agreement regarding which behaviors need to be controlled.

Consensus

Which of the following is considered a public order crime? a. Prostitution b. Embezzlement c. Domestic violence d. Hate speech

a. Prostitution

Which of the following is considered official crime data collected by the FBI? A. National Crime Victimization Survey B. Self-report surveys C. Uniform Crime Report D. Bureau of Justice Statistics

C. Uniform Crime Report

_________________ is a source of crime data that was implemented in by the government in 1982 to provide more detailed crime information, beyond what the UCR offers.

NIBRS

Which crime listed below is not reported in Part I or Part II of the offense section of the UCR? a. Drug offenses b. Traffic violations c. Liquor law violations d. Sex offenses

b. Traffic violations

The __________indicates that police clear slightly more than 20 percent of all reported Part I crimes each year?

UCR

Which data source relies on a multi-stage sample of households to collect information about citizen's encounters with criminals?

a. National Crime Victimization Survey

One of the most important sources of self-report data is the _____ study, which is considered the national standard for measuring substance abuse trends among teens.

Monitoring the Future

The age group most likely to commit and be arrested for crime is:

14-17

Which view of crime contends that the definition of crime is subjective?

Interactionist

In Wolfgang's historic study Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, he found that the "chronic 6%" of offenders committed approximately _____ percent of all offenses?

African Americans make up about 13 % of the general population, yet account for approximately _____ percent of persons arrested.

Which statement regarding the relationship between age and crime is true? a. Elderly males are predominantly arrested for alcohol-related matters such as public drunkenness. b. There is no relationship between age and crime. c. Age is positively related to criminality. d. The elderly make up less than 1% of all arrests.

a. Elderly males are predominantly arrested for alcohol-related matters such as public drunkenness.

Which of the following is not an explanation regarding gender differences in the crime rate? a. Males are stronger and better able to commit violence. b. Hormones make men more aggressive. c. Girls are socialized to be less aggressive. d. Girls are granted greater personal freedom.

d. Girls are granted greater personal freedom.

Which type of study provides information on the personal characteristics of offenders such as their attitudes, values, beliefs, and psychological profiles?

Self-report studies

Which of the following statements is false regarding crime patterns? a. Males have a higher crime rate than females. b. Police are more likely to arrest racial minorities. c. Crime rates are highest on the last day of the month. d. Crimes rates are highest in the New England region of the United States.

c. Crime rates are highest on the last day of the month.

hich of the following groups may be responsible for a disproportionately high amount of all serious criminal behavior? a. Chronic offenders b. Female juveniles c. Conventional criminals d. Adult females

a. Chronic offenders

Of the 5,700 hate crime incidents recorded in 2012, the majority of crimes were motivated by:

racial bias

Which of the following is an example of instrumental violence? a. child abuse b. armed robbery c. rape d. serial murder

b. armed robber

he omission of data on drug usage is a weakness of:

UCR

What type of crime had the most significant decrease between 2003-2012?

property

In addition to the population, the factors most likely to shape the direction of the crime rate in the future include all but which of the following? a. population b. economy c. technological change d. social factors

a. population

Which of the following is not a principle of the choice theory? a. A negative home environment influences a person to commit crime. b. Committing crimes may be more attractive than a regular job. c. Punishments threatened by the criminal justice system are the main deterrent to crime. d. People have free will and decide to commit crimes.

a. A negative home environment influences a person to commit crime.

If a potential criminal believes they will face punishment because they are aware of someone else who was punished, which concept is at work? a. General deterrence b. Specific deterrence c. Routine activities theory d. Situational crime prevention

a. General deterrence

f a potential criminal remembers his or her own harsh punishment and decides not to commit a crime, which concept is at work? a. General deterrence b. Specific deterrence c. Routine activities theory d. Situational crime prevention

b. Specific deterrence

Which of the following is not a biochemical factor that influences behavior? a. food additives b. hypoglycemia c. genetics d. hormones

c. genetics

_________________ is a condition marked by incoherent thought processes, a lack of insight, hallucinations, and feelings of persecution.

Schizophrenia

Which theory is interested in the question of the link between the media and violence?

Behavioral theory

Which group of theories equates poverty with high crime rates?

Social structure

According to the social learning theory, people become violent because they: a. Model their behavior after others and have that behavior reinforced b. Are born with a predisposition towards violence due to their genetics c. Suffer damage to their egos and superegos at an early age d. Experience negative effect states due to exposure to strain a. Model their behavior after others and have that behavior reinforced

Model their behavior after others and have that behavior reinforced

__________ theory maintains that an individual's interactions with key social institutions, such as family, school, and peer group, shape their behavior.

Social process

_________ theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use to obtain these goals legally

Strain

_________ criminology views the economic and political forces operating in society as the fundamental cause of criminality.

Critical

Early in life people begin relationships that determine their behavior throughout their life. Transitions in one's life impact the probability of offending. This is the basis of _____________ theory.

Developmental

Lifestyle theory and routine activities theory are examples of _____________ theories

victimization

_________ view crime as a result of the rich and powerful's imposition of their moral standards and economic interests on the rest of society.

Critical criminologists

According to the views of latent trait theory, fluctuations in offending rates are a result of:

Varying criminal opportunities

The general theory of crime suggests that differences between individuals in the tendency to commit criminal acts stems from:

Their level of self-control

When individuals provoke or encourage criminal behavior this is referred to as:

Victim precipitation

Which of the following is not one of the three factors linked to predatory crime rates in routine activities theory? a. Supply of motivated offenders b. Supply of suitable targets c. Absence of effective guardians for protection d. Extent of relative social deprivation

d. Extent of relative social deprivation

__________ precipitation occurs when a victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unintentionally threatens or encourages the attacker.

Passive

A subculture occurs in disorganized neighborhoods marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and distrust which is passed from one generation to the next, creating a permanent underclass. This subculture is called: a. Focal concerns b. Collective efficacy c. The culture of poverty d. Lifestyle regression

c. The culture of poverty

A personality characterized by lack of warmth and feeling, and inappropriate behavioral responses is referred to as:

antisocial personality

Which theory holds the view that criminal acts are related to a person's exposure to antisocial attitudes and values?

differential association theory

Which of the following is not a tactic utilized in situational crime prevention? a. marking property b. controlling sale of spray paint c. placing steering locks on cars d. publishing the names of convicted criminals in the newspaper

d. publishing the names of convicted criminals in the newspaper

What disorder is characterized by a deficit that prevents people from being aware of their feelings, and is unable to understand or talk about their thoughts and emotions?

alexithymia

Substantive criminal law is primarily concerned with:

Defining crimes and their punishment

Criminal laws are typically codified by:

state legislatures and the US Congress

_______ law deals with the state of government agencies and controls their administrative relationships with individuals, corporations, or other branches of government.

Public

Which of the following is not a similarity between criminal law and tort law? a. Both impose legal sanctions. b. Both share the goal of controlling unwanted behavior. c. Violations of either can result in imprisonment. d. Payment of damages to a victim serves some of the same purposes as payment of a fine to the state.

c. Violations of either can result in imprisonment.

Which of the following is not one of the categories that crimes are classified into? a. Felonies b. Misdemeanors c. Torts d. Violations

Torts

________________ are laws that are created and retroactively enforced.

Ex post facto laws

Which of the following is not a mala in se crime? a. Prostitution b. Murder c. Rape d. Robbery

a. Prostitution

Violations of narcotics control laws, traffic laws, health and safety regulations, and sanitation laws are examples of _______________________ crimes.

strict liability

Which of the following is NOT an excuse defense? a. Age b. Insanity c. Intoxication d. Necessity

d. Necessity

The term actus reus refers to the: a. Intent of the offender b. Exclusion of omission c. Guilty person d. Guilty act

d. Guilty act

When a crime was committed under extreme circumstances and could not be avoided, this is the defense of:

Necessity

Which of the following is NOT a type of justification defense? a. Duress b. Self-defense c. Necessity d. Intoxication

d. Intoxication

To affectively apply and use an excuse defense, a defense attorney must show:

Lack of intent

Which insanity defense was first formulated in England and is now used in the majority of states? a. The Durham Rule b. The Substantial Capacity Test c. The M'Naghten Rule d. The Irresistible Impulse Test

c. The M'Naghten Rule

Which of the following could be considered obituary crime? a. Murder b. Assisted suicide c. Petty larceny d. Fraud

b. Assisted suicide

______________ laws require sex offenders to register with local authorities when they move into a neighborhood are termed:

Community notification

Environmental crimes are typically pursued by which of the following government agencies? a. Environmental Protection Agency b. Federal Bureau of Investigation c. Department of Homeland Security d. United States Secret Service

a. Environmental Protection Agency

The _________ Amendment guarantees, "the right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searches, and the persons or things to be seized."

4th

he __________ Amendment provides that no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law."

14th

________, included as a clause in both the 5th and 4th Amendments, has been used to evaluate the constitutionality of legal statues and to set standards and guidelines for fair procedures in the criminal justice system.

Due Process

The legal principle by which the decision or holding in an earlier cases becomes the standard is the definition of: a. Mala in se b. compurgation c. Stare decisis d. precedent

Stare decisis

The failure or omission to act can be considered a crime. Which of the following is not included in this category? a. based on a relationship b. state statute c. contracted relationship d. moral obligation

Moral Obligation

Which of the following is not a critical element of criminal procedure? a. right to an attorney b. right to a speedy trial c. right to equal protection d. right to remain silent

c. right to equal protection

_______ is considered a less serious form of mens rea because a person did not knowingly gamble with another's safety.

negilgence

As a result of ______________, laws banning same-sex relationships are not unconstitutional and unenforceable.

Lawrence v. Texas