Part 4

Question 1

how does immunotherapy work

Answer 1

antibodies from immune system target cancer cells

Question 2

what cells secrete antibodies

Answer 2

B cells

Question 3

what are the functions of antibodies

Answer 3

neutralize, opsonize, and destroy

Question 4

why are antibodies unique

Answer 4

specific to antigen and create specific effector functions.

Question 5

what does immunocompetence refer to

Answer 5

the ability for T cells being able to recognize the antigen presented on the MHC with the TCR.
positive

Question 6

what does immunotolerance refer to

Answer 6

the process of eliminating any developing T or B lymphocytes that are autoreactive, i.e. reactive to the body itself.
negative

Question 7

what can an antobody refer to

Answer 7

a B cell receptor or it can detach and be an antibody.

Question 8

how many binding sites does an antibody have

Answer 8

2

Question 9

what does affinity mean for antibodies

Answer 9

antibody is bound to B cell`

Question 10

what does avidity mean for antibodies

Answer 10

antibody is soluble

Question 11

what are the regions of antibodies

Answer 11

varible and constant regions

Question 12

what are the regions of T cell Receptors

Answer 12

Va and Ca; Vb and Cb.
left side is alpha and right is beta

Question 13

what are the chains of antibodies

Answer 13

light and heavy

Question 14

how many parts is made up of the light chain

Answer 14

2

Question 15

how many parts of the heavy chain

Answer 15

4

Question 16

where is the Fab region of antibody

Answer 16

the two Y branches

Question 17

what does the Fab region do

Answer 17

The fragment antigen-binding region (Fab region) is a region on an antibody that binds to antigens. It is composed of one constant and one variable domain of each of the heavy and the light chain.

Question 18

where is the Fc region of antibody

Answer 18

the Y stem

Question 19

what does the Fc region do

Answer 19

the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system

Question 20

what genes encode for the light chain

Answer 20

Kappa and Lambda

Question 21

what is the ratio of kappa and lambda

Answer 21

2 K for 1 L

Question 22

how is B cell leukemia indentfied

Answer 22

kappa and lambda ratio is thrown off

Question 23

what is the function of the heavy chain

Answer 23

determines the effector function of the antibody

Question 24

what are the 5 classes of genes in the antibody

Answer 24

IgG, E, D, A, M

Question 25

what does IgG determine

Answer 25

(blood) (can have subfamilies; IgG1-4, Ig2a) (can cross over into the placenta) help prevent infections.

Question 26

what does IgE do

Answer 26

mediates allergic reactions

Question 27

what does IgD do

Answer 27

on the surface receptor of B cells; (not secreted) receptor for antigens

Question 28

What does IgA do

Answer 28

found in mucus/tears protect the mucosal tissues from microbial invasion and maintain immune homeostasis with the microbiota.

Question 29

what does IgM do

Answer 29

(first secretions of antibodies) (form pentomers) (high avidity) binding to antigen and activating complement system

Question 30

how are chains in antibody connected

Answer 30

disulfide bonds

Question 31

what is at the middle of the Y for antibodies

Answer 31

a hinge

Question 32

what are two enzymes that can cleave antibodies

Answer 32

papain and pepsin

Question 33

how does papain cleave

Answer 33

Cleaves at the disulfide bond Creates 3 fragments 2 Fabs (top of Y) and 1 Fc (stem of Y)

Question 34

how does pepsin cleave

Answer 34

Cleaves at the half of Y. Creates two fragments F(ab’)2 and pFc’ F(ab’)2 is the V of the Y pFc’ is the stem of Y

Question 35

which antibodies have complement protein recognition

Answer 35

IgG

Question 36

what are the globular heads of antibodies

Answer 36

tips (binding region)

Question 37

what are the globular heads made up of

Answer 37

beta strands that are repeated

Question 38

what are the hypervariable regions

Answer 38

form the antigen-binding site and are found on both light and heavy chains. They also contribute to the specificity of each antibody. loops

Question 39

what do the HV loops recognize

Answer 39

the epitope of antigen

Question 40

can multiple and different antibodies bind to the same antigen

Answer 40

yes; An antigen can be bound to multiple different antibodies depending on different antigenic determinants.

Question 41

what types of epitopes are there

Answer 41

continuous, discontinuous, and conformational

Question 42

what is the difference between continuous and discontinuous

Answer 42

A continuous, linear, or sequential, epitope is a fragment of the protein sequence. A discontinuous epitope is composed of several small fragments that are scattered in the protein sequence, but are close when the protein is structured.

Question 43

what does conformational mean

Answer 43

shape

Question 44

types of bonds antibodies form

Answer 44

Hydrogen, van der waals, electrostatic, hydrophobic forces

Question 45

how can bonds between antibody and antigen be disrupted

Answer 45

salt ratio, pH, temperature.

Question 46

what are cdr

Answer 46

cluster determining region

Question 47

how many cdrs bind to epitope

Answer 47

6 CDRs that bind the epitope (3 on each side)

Question 48

what is a hapten

Answer 48

an antigen that is too small to be recognized by itself

Question 49

difference TCR and antibody

Answer 49

Antibodies are soluble; TCRs are membrane bound. Antibodies have two binding sites; TCRs only have one. Antibodies can bind directly to the antigen; TCRs need antigen to be presented to them. TCRs have four hypervariable (CDR loops) regions; three in antibodies

Question 50

how is the epitope exposed before it is presented on MHC

Answer 50

Epitope fragments are buried, so when a pathogen is digested/broken down, the epitope is then exposed. The epitope then is bound and expressed by the MHC.

Question 51

how is MHC II presented on CD4 cells

Answer 51

by the APC

Question 52

how is MHC II expressed on CD8 cells

Answer 52

by the infected cell

Question 53

what are TAP proteins functions

Answer 53

take expressed viral protein fragments and express them on MHC I.

Question 54

what cells express mhc i

Answer 54

expressed on the cell surface of all nucleated cells and present peptide fragments derived from intracellular proteins

Question 55

what cells express mhc ii

Answer 55

antigen-presenting cells (APC) including dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, and B cells

Question 56

what do exopeptidases do

Answer 56

chop up viral amino acids in order to be fit on MHC

Question 57

which mhc cleft is deeper

Answer 57

mhc i

Question 58

which mhc cleft is wider

Answer 58

mhc ii

Question 59

how many residues can mhc i hold

Answer 59

8-10

Question 60

how many residues can mhc ii hold

Answer 60

13-17

Question 61

what is the cleft made up of for mhc i

Answer 61

alpha 1 and 2

Question 62

what is the cleft made up of for mhc ii

Answer 62

beta 1 and alpha 1

Question 63

how does the epitope fit for mhc i if too big

Answer 63

exonucleases

Question 64

which mhc is double bound

Answer 64

mhc ii

Question 65

why is there an invariant protein bound to mhc if no epitope exposed

Answer 65

because mhc is unstable in not bound

Question 66

how is mhc ii expressed when a pathogen is phagocytized

Answer 66

MHC II is produced in the ER when needed and travels to the membrane through a vesicle where it converges with the membrane to be expressed on the surface.

Question 67

which residues are optimum for mhc expression

Answer 67

Prefers amino acids to be hydrophobic and basic for carboxylic ends

Question 68

which mhc recognizes more variation

Answer 68

MHC II has a lot more variation and can recognize a lot more residues than class I

Question 69

what does the TCR recognize

Answer 69

both the epitope and parts of the MHC in order to have sufficient binding.

Question 70

what makes epitope and MHC binding and signal stronger

Answer 70

CD4 and CD8 proteins

Question 71

how does CD4 interact with MHCII

Answer 71

CD4 D1 and D2 interact with MHC II B1 and B2h

Question 72

how does CD8 interact with MHCI

Answer 72

CD8 B and A interact with the MHC I A1 and A2 CD8 are heterodimers

Question 73

what kinase brings in the CD8 or CD4 to MHC

Answer 73

Lck

Question 74

which MHC can T cells express

Answer 74

both I and II

Question 75

which cells don't express MHC

Answer 75

RBCs, brain, sperm and egg

Question 76

Why bother determining the structure of TCR proteins?

Answer 76

T cell repertoire is large, not all TCR may be structurally the same * New structures may indicate novel functions