Part 3

Question 1

what is a prr

Answer 1

pattern recognition receptor

Question 2

what do prrs do

Answer 2

receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activation of PRRs is crucial for the initiation of innate immunity, which plays a key role in first-line defense until more specific adaptive immunity is developed

Question 3

what are the four types of prrs

Answer 3

soluble (free-floating), membrane bound recpt, cytoplasmic receptors, cell signaling

Question 4

examples of soluble/free floating prrs

Answer 4

complement proteins

Question 5

examples of membrane bound prrs

Answer 5

TLRs, which recognize viral proteins on cell surface or viral nucleic acids in endosomes

Question 6

examples of cytoplasmic recepts

Answer 6

NOD, which surveying the intracellular environment for the presence of infection, noxious substances, and metabolic perturbations.

Question 7

what are complement receptors

Answer 7

Macrophages have complement receptors in order to bind to the complement protein in order to trigger the three complement factors.

Question 8

what are scavenger receptors

Answer 8

Recognize anionic charges, like LPS.
Seven different types:
Type A: MARCO, SR-A1, SR-A2
Recognize anionic charges in the cell wall components.
Type B: recognize the different densities of lipoproteins.

Question 9

what are c type lectins

Answer 9

Dectin (b-glucose):
Fungi
Mannose:
Host sugars
Called C-type because they require calcium to activate
Dectin and mannose found in macrophages and neutrophils.

Question 10

what do all receptors lead to

Answer 10

pathogen being endocytosed

Question 11

describe the GPCR before lignad binding

Answer 11

GPCR (generic term) is not associated with a G protein

Question 12

what happens when the ligand binds to the receptor

Answer 12

causes a conformational change in the receptor which enables it to associate with the heterotrimeric G protein.
Heterotrimeric G protein is made up of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits.
Alpha is its own sub unit; beta and gamma are together.
G protein releases GDP and binds GTP (similar to ATP).
Alpha binds to GTP and released GDP

Question 13

what happens when GTP is bound

Answer 13

G protein dissociates into a and b, g subunits, both of which can activate other proteins.
Alpha = Rac/Rho (proteins)
Rac and Rho lead to respiratory burst; NO and NADPH oxidase.
NO/NADPH oxidase create O2- radicals, O2-, OH radicals, HCl, and H2O2.
All are very toxic to the cell.
SOD degrades the free radicals.
NADPH oxidase is only activated until the last minute.

Question 14

what does activation of GTPase Rac, Rho, and CDC42 stimulate

Answer 14

chemotaxis or the respiratory burst.

Question 15

what is respiratory burst

Answer 15

rapid release of reactive oxygen species, predominately from neutrophils, for pathogen killing.

Question 16

what are granule 1s in neutros

Answer 16

defensins

Question 17

granule 2 in neutro

Answer 17

cathelicidins and NADPH oxidase

Question 18

granules 3 in neutro

Answer 18

lysozyme

Question 19

what are the phagocytic functions

Answer 19

Increased phagocytosis
Fusion with lysosome and granules
Increased cell division
Increased cell growth
Increased production of cytokine, chemotaxis, and release.
Increased cytokines that are specific to inflammation

Question 20

which cells secrete cytokines

Answer 20

DNM

Question 21

what distances can cytokines work

Answer 21

Autocrine; stimulation of self.
Paracrine; adjacent cells.
Endocrine; long distances through the bloodstream.
Protein needs to have a long half life and have to overcome the challenge of being secreted into the bloodstream.

Question 22

families of cytokines

Answer 22

TNF, chemokine receptors, IL1 family, hematopoeitin superfam

Question 23

what does TNF family do

Answer 23

plays important roles in diverse cellular events such as cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and death.
Tend to be membrane bound
TNF alpha is the only one that is secreted.
Tend to be in trimers that always bind to receptors with trimers

Question 24

what do chemokine receptors do

Answer 24

Chemotaxis stimulated
Chemotaxis causes conformation of cytoskeleton
Androgenesis (creation of more blood vessels)
Two categories:
CC (cysteine-cystine)
CXC (cysteine-amino acid-cystine)
GPCRs/fMLP

Question 25

what does the il1 family do

Answer 25

Inflammation
Describes any cytokine that is produced/used by leukocytes

Question 26

what does to hematopoeitin fam do

Answer 26

Named by the growth hormone
-CSF means growth hormone
GM-CSF hormone for monocytes and granulocytes
regulate survival, self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic pro- genitor cells as well as the functional activities of mature cells