Part 3: understanding sport and exercise environments Flashcards
why study competition
- significant part of social environment
- competition has a direct and indirect impact on all psych skills needed for performance
- competitive element of sport elicits intense psych reactions form participants
what is the general definiton for competition
strive towards a goal or a standard
what is the reward definition
rewards are distributes unequally
what is the social evaluation definiton of competition
comparison of an individual’s performance is made with some standard in the presence of others, that aware of criteria and evalute the comparison
can you compete against yourself
no - not from psych perspective
what are martens 4 components of competition
Stage 1: objective competitive situation
Stage 2: subjective competitive situation
Stage 3: Responses
Stage 4: Consequences
what are factors that make up the objective competitive situation (stage 1 of martens model of competition)
- social environment
- physical environment
- available rewards
- task characteristics
what are factors that make up the subjective competitive situation (stage 2 of martens model of competition)
- competitive trait anxiety
- achievement motivation
- attitudes towards competition
- self-concept
what are factors that make up the responses (stage 3 of martens model of competition)
physiological, psychological, behavioural
what are factors that make up the consequences (stage 3 of martens model of competition)
- usually neg or pos
- usually socially evaluated and determined
what determines if competition is good or bad
perception of an individual
what are behaviour modification approaches that coaches, teachers and exercise leaders use
feedback, reinforcement, punishment
what is behaviour detemined by
consequences
why is feedback important for behaviour modification
- learning
- influence performance
- affects psych such as motivation, self-confidence, stress
what are 2 ways feedback influences behaviour
- info
- motivation
what are two types of feedback
reinforcement
and
punishment
what is the difference between reinforcements and punishments
reinforcement - strength
punsihment - weaknen
what is positive reinforcement
contingent use of reward to increase behaviour
what is negative reinforcement
contigent withdrawel of neg stimulis to increase behaviour
what id punishment feedback
neg stimulis or removal of somthing positive in order to decrease behaviour
what is behaviour controlled by
consequences
what are the 3 guidelines for use of reinforcement
- selecting behaviour to be increased (specific)
- choosing an effective reinforcer
- appyling reinforcement immediate and contingent
who inspired the work of ecological dynamics and what did they both conclude
bernstein and gibson
- perception and action are seen together
who was the founder of ecological psychology
gibson
opportunities for behaviour is described as what
affordances
what are the two types of energy flows generated by movement can be
invariant and variant
what is invariant energy flow and variant
invariant - constant
variant - changing
what is an example of optical invariant
apple thrown towards you
what are the two visual guidance of action
direct
indirect
what is the direct perception
of higher order variables can specify action
- simple decision - take time to monitor environment
what is indirect perception
complex decisions needed
for visual guidance of action what sports is there a large amount of research of close coupling between perception and action
climbing
, standing balance, long jump run-up, table tennis
what sports develop more economic visual search patterns with practice
climbing
in climbing overall number of exploratory fixation _____ whilst perfomatory fixation remain relatively _____
decrease
stable
how long is short term memory stored for
20-30 sec unless rehearsed
what is working memory
temporarily stores recently presented material
retrieves info from long-term storage to influence current problem solving
what is long term memory
memories that are relatively permanent
what doe chunking and analogies both help overcome
limitations of working memory
through repetitve practice coordination can become locked in a pattern e.g. only breathing on one side of swimming stroke
waht is this called
attractor
what are the two ways we can get learner to modify technique
explicit and implicit
what is explicit and what is implicit
explicit - conscious
implicit - sub-conscious
what is dual task
part of implicit
- force movement change
e.g. put imagine on side of pool to look at
instructions, demo, feedback, guidance
- are factors of what modify technique
explicit
manipulate constraints, dual task, analogy, erroless learning are
- are factors of what modify technique
implicit
what is the definition of intrinsic motivation
activity pursued for its own sake in the absence of any extrinsic rewards for the love of the game
intrinsically motivated behaviours are those that a person performs to feel _______ and __________
competent and self-determining
what is the theory for extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motvation
cognitive evaluation theory
what does the cognitive evaluation theory explains
differential effects of intrinsic on intrinsic motivation
what is the critical aspect of the cognitive evaluation theory
evaluation - perception of the reward
are extrinsic reward good or bad
not necessarily - how they are perceived
what are the 2 perceptions of reward that affect intrinsic motivation
- controlling aspect
- information aspect
how are controlling and information aspects seen
both of both - balancing act = see saw
increase feeling of self-competence/self-control will______ intrinsic motivation
increase
what are the 2 C’s of cognitive evaluation theory
Competence and controlling
what are some control implications for coaches to increase IM
- structure setting for success
- realistic goals
- reward contingent on performance not outcome
- ## vary content of drills
what are some competence implications for coaches to increase IM
phase out (tangible) rewards as IM increases
involve participants
provide environment conductive to flow
what are the products of flow (flow is connected to optimal level of arousal
task demands/challanges
