part 3 axilla and arm

Question 1

Compartment syndrome

Answer 1

swelling within a fascial enclosed muscle compartment in limbs
 causes: limb trauma, intracompartment hemorrhage, limb compression
, pressure increase 
compromise capillary blood flow and tissue perfusion
 –> neuromuscular damage if not treated

Question 2

Flexor compartment

Answer 2

BBC
Biceps brachii
Brachilais
Coracobrachialis

Question 3

Biceps brachii movement

Answer 3

1. Flex elbow joint

2. Powerful supinator when arm is flexed as its tendon is attached to radial tuberosity

Question 4

Biceps brachii long head and short head origin and insertion

innervation

Answer 4

long head: labrum (supraglenoid tubercle of scapula)
short head: coracoid process
both insert to radial tuberosity
innervated by musculocutaneous nerve (C5-6)

Question 5

Bicipital aponeurosis

from where, function

Answer 5

fans out from the medial side of the bicep brachii tendon

Function: wrap brachial artery and median nerve, protect them from venepuncture from median cubital vein

Question 6

Extensor compartment of humerus (muscles origin and insertion, innervation)

Answer 6

Triceps Brachii
long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
lateral head: posterior humerus
Medial head (deep): posterior humerus inferior to the radial groove

All insert into olecranon of ulna –> extension of elbow joint
Innervation: C 6,7,8

Question 7

Disease related to humeus

Answer 7

Midshaft fracture: damage radial nerve because the nerve lies close to the posterior bone surface

Question 8

Anterior and posterior axillary fold

Answer 8

Anterior: Pec Major muscle inferior
Posterior: Latissmus dorsi + Teres major

Question 9

Axilla region

muscles

Answer 9

medial: serratus anterior, upper thoracic wall
Lateral wall, intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
Anterior wall: lateral part of pec major, pec minor , subclavius
Posterior wall: subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, proximal part of long head of tricep

Question 10

Posterior triangle

Answer 10

Sternocleidomastoid trapezius clavicle

feel pulse

Question 11

4 parts of brachial plexus

Answer 11

root (C5-T1)
trunk (upper middle lower)
division (anterior posterior)
cord (lateral, posterior, medial)

Question 12

Supracondylar fracture

Answer 12

damage brachial artery, blood out pressure –> compress on median nerve (not due to proximity)

Question 13

Saturday Night paralysis

Answer 13

compression on the radial nerve

Question 14

Humerus Surgical neck fracure

Answer 14

axillary nerve injury –> deltoid paralysis and atrophy

Question 15

Midshaft fracture

Answer 15

radial nerve

Question 16

Radial nerve damaged in which two condition

Answer 16

Saturday paralysis

Midshaft fracture of humerus

Question 17

Where to applu Axillary nerve block/ brachial plexus nerve block?

Answer 17

axillary sheath (thick connective tissue) contains brachial plexus, subclavian artery and vein

Question 18

Triangular space

Answer 18

circumflex scapular artery goes to the back of scapular (from subscapular artery from 3rd part of axillary artery)

Question 19

Stretching of the axillary region damage ___

Answer 19

upper plexus C5,C6

Erb’s palsy

Question 20

Compression of axillary region

Answer 20

lower plexus injury C8, T1 (Klumpke palsy)

Question 21

Symptom of upper plexus injury

Answer 21

Waiter’s tip sign
Adduct and medially rotated shoulder
extended and pronated forearm

damaged deltoid (axillary nerve C5,6), BBC (Musculocutaneous C5,6,7), 
supinator (radial nerve), brachioradialis (Radial), infraspinatus (suprascapular n) teres minor (Axillary nerve)

Question 22

Sapular muscles : supraspinatus, infraspinatus, rhomboids, levator scapulae, teres minor
are innerved by ?

Answer 22

C5,6

Question 23

Pec M and Latissimus dorsi are big marble innervated by

Answer 23

common: C6,7,8.

5+ T1 for Pec major as well

Question 24

Radial nerve goes with which artery?

Answer 24

Profunda brachii a. (a branch from the brachial artery) can be seen in triangular interval where they are getting near to the posterior humerus

Question 25

What happens to brachial artery upon reaching the elbow joint

Answer 25

splits into radial and ulnar artery

Question 26

Describe scapular anstomoses

Answer 26

dorsal scapular artery (medial scapular border) + suprascapular artery (both from subclavian artery high up) + circumflex scapular artery (from subscapular artery anterior)
Dorsal scapular artery also anastomose with subscapular artery anteriorly.

Question 27

Occlusion/ligation of axillary artery below the ? artery –> no blood to upper limb

Answer 27

Subscapular artery
because it is where circumflex scapular artery branches out, which form anastomoses around the scapular with dorsal and supra- scapular artery coming out directly from subclavian artery

Question 28

Lymphatic drainage of axillary region

Answer 28

axillary lymph nodes drain into subclavian vein

Question 29

Name all superficial veins of upper limb and where do they drain into?

Answer 29

Cephalic vein (lateral)
Basilic vein (medial)
Median cubital vein (connect cephalic and basilic)
All drains into axillary vein which is a deep vein.

Question 30

Deep veins are in pairs beside the arteries, this arrangement is known as ___. WHY? Any exception?

Answer 30

vena comitantes
artery pulsate helps promote blood flow in the nearby veins
(except axillary vein which is a single vein)