Part 3

Question 2

1) NaBH4

2) H3O+

Answer 2

A reducing agent.

It is more selective and easier to handle, but will NOT reduce carboxylic acids and esters.

Will reduce aldehydes and ketones.

Question 3

1) Lithium Aluminum Hydride
(LiAlH4 or LAH)

2) H3O+

Answer 3

A reducing agent.

Strong and powerful.

More difficult to work with.

Will reduce all aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters.

Question 4

1) BH3

2) H2O2, OH-

Answer 4

Hydroboration

BH3 adds readily to double bonds.

Second step is oxidation-hydrolysis in an ANTI-markovnikov, syn orientation.

In presence of peroxides will convert to alcohol.

Question 5

Cold, dilute KMnO4

Answer 5

An oxidizing agent.

Produces 1,2 diols (vicinal diols). a.k.a. glycols with syn orientation.

Question 6

Alkene + Br2/CCL4 –> ?

Answer 6

Addition of halogens to double bonds is rapid.
Double bond is nucleophile and attacks X2.

Addition is anti, because X- attacks cyclic halonium ion in SN2 displacement.

Question 7

AlCl3 + X2 or acyl group –?

Answer 7

AlCl3 is a lewis acid.

X2 in presence of lewis acid (FeCl3, FeBr3, AlCl3) produces monosubstituted products in good yield.

AlCl3 + acyl groups = Friedel-Crafts Acylation. will incorporate acyl group.

Question 8

Zwitterion

Answer 8

An ion with both a positive and negative charge.

Question 9

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid –> ?

Answer 9

Makes an ester

Question 10

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

Answer 10

pH = pKa - log ([conjugate base]/[conjugate acid])

Question 11

Nonpolar Amino Acids

Answer 11

Valine, Alanine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Proline, Phenylalanine, Glycine, and Tryptophan.

non - TV PIG PAL”