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Higher Biology Unit one > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Genome?

A

Entire hereditary information encoded in DNA

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2
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in the DNA

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protien

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of Gene mutations?

A

Substitution
Insertion
Deletion

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5
Q

What is a substitution mutation?

A

Changes one base only effecting that codon

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6
Q

What is a insertion mutation?

A

Every codon after the insertion point is affected as they are wrong

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7
Q

What is a deletion mutation?

A

Every codon after the deletion point is affected as they are wrong

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8
Q

What are the 3 substitution mutations?

A

Missense
Nonsense
Splice-site

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9
Q

What is a Missense mutation?

A

Replacing the correct amino acid with another

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10
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Changes the amino acid into a “stop” codon

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11
Q

What is a splice site mutation?

A

Introns included exons excluded

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12
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Every amino acid after the deletion point will be changed

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13
Q

What are the 4 chromosome structure mutations?

A

Deletion
Inversion
Duplication
Translaction

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14
Q

What is a duplication mutation?

A

When part of the homologous pair breaks off and joins another

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15
Q

What is a translocation mutation?

A

Part of one chromosome breaks off and joins a DIFFRENT chromosome

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16
Q

What is the importance of gene duplication in evolution?

A

Increases variation and provides organisms with a greater chance of surviving to breed and pass on mutations to the next generation

17
Q

What is Evolution?

A

Changes in organisms over generations as a result of genomic variations

18
Q

What is Natural selection?

A

The non random increase in the frequency of DNA that increases survival

19
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A

When an average phenotype is selected for and both extremes are selected against

20
Q

What is Directional selection?

A

One extreme phenotype is selected for

21
Q

What is an example of Directional selection?

A

Beak size of Darwins finches

22
Q

What is Distrupted selection

A

Two or more phenotypes are selected for

23
Q

What is an example of Distruptive selection?

A

Pale and darker forms of the pepper hawk moth

24
Q

What is an example of Distruptive selection?

A

Pale and darker forms of the pepper hawk moth

25
Q

What is speciation?

A

A generation of new biological species by evolution as a result of isolation mutation and selection

26
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Geographical barriers

27
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Only ecological or behavioural

28
Q

How is genomic sequencing measured?

A

Bioinformatics

29
Q

What Is phylogenetics?

A

Evolutionary history and relationships

30
Q

What is the correct order of the 3 domains?

A

Animals
Vertebrates
Land plants

31
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria
Archea
Eukaryotes

32
Q

What is pharmacogenetics?

A

Drugs and personalised medicines

Higher Biology Unit one (3 decks)

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