PART 2- THIRD LEARNING Flashcards
increase in the absolute number of circulating lymphocytes occur occasionally in domestic animals.
Lymphocytosis
caused by one or more of the following conditions:
- all conditions that have an associated neutropenia may have a relative lymphocytosis
- Physiologic leukocytosisis the car may be accompanied by an absolute increase in lymphocytes.
- Physiologic leukocytosis
- lymphocytic leukomias are accompanied by marked increase in lymphocytes
- hyperthyroidism has been reported to have accompanying lymphocytosis.
- Adrenocortical insufficiency may be manifested by an increase number of number of lymphocytes.
- during the recovery stages of certain infections, an increase in the total number of lymphocytes.
decrease of lymphocytes and the persistence of this decrease.
Lymphopenia
lymphopenia may be caused by:
- certain viral disease in cats.
- stress
- injection of adrenocortical hormones or ACTH
- Ionizing radiation or immunosuppresive drugs.
- Loss of efferent lymph as with rupture of the thoracic duct and loss oflymph into lumen of the intestine in some chronic enteric diseases.
development also occurs in the bone marrow; migrate into tissues and become a macrophage. Hence, primary function is phagocytosis.
Monocyte
is seen in conditions that also produce a leukopenia adn nuetropenia.
A relative monocytosis
MONOCYTOSIS OCCURS IN SEVERAL conditions:
- chronic diseases,those whoch large amounts of particulate matter must be removed.
examples :
fungal infections and most conditions accompanied by granulomatous reaction
- Certain infectious diseases such as in swine and other animlas
erysipelas and listeriosis in swine and brucellosis,
- Monocytic leukomias
- ACTH and corticoid treatment in dog and cats.
- with acute stress reactions in dog and cat
- Hyperadrenocorticism.
methods for determining total leukocyte counts are more accurate
- Semiautomated electronic methods
It can also calculate
hemoglobin concentration, PCV, MCV, MCHC.
Example of this is the
Coulter counting system
B. Techniques for rapid estimation of leukocytes
- DNA viscosity techniques
- Examination of Wet blood film stained with New Methylene Blue.
- Estimation of total leukocyte count from a stained blood film.
Interpretation of Leukocyte Counts.
- Age of the animal
- Breed or species of the animal
- Degree of fear or excitement of the animal while the blood is being withdrawn.
- Stage of pregnancy.
- Stage of estrus.
- Stage of Digestion
uses alkyl aryl sulfonate solution with bromcresol purple (also used in detecting leukocytes in milk).
- DNA viscosity techniques
C. Differential Leukocyte Count
This is accomplished by a stained blood film using a
Meander or Battlement Method, and starting at the feathered end of the smear, and counting 100 cells.
Increased
Marginating – circulating pool
Physiologic neutrophilia (catecholamines),
Stress neutrophilia (corticosteroids)
bone marrow release :
Inflammatory cytokines
three factors in relation to a disease condition can be elicited by interpretation of the leukocytes pictures:
- severity of the condition
- duration of the process
- prognosis
neutrophils
most common:
Corticosteroids (stress)
Epinephrine (physiologic) and
Inflammation
Bone marrow production
Granulopoiesis– may causes
Tissue migration:
Bovine/canine leukocytes adhesion deficiency
Delayed apoptosis :
corticosteroids, inflammation
bone marrow production :
Bone marrow aplasia, ineffective -Myelopoiesis ( immune -mediated, infectionus agenrs, drugs, histiocytic disorders)
-Myelophtisis (leukemia, lymphoma, histiocytic sarcoma),
-Drug-induced injury, cyclic hematopoiesis in GREY COLLIES: infectious agents (FIV, FeLV, ehrlichia canis)
decreased
Tissue migration
Bacterial sepsis, tumor necrosis, abscess , endotoxemia
Destruction
immune-mediated neutropenia, hemophagocytic syndromes, histiocytic sarcoma
Decreased :
physiologic
dog breed ( Tervuren shepherds, Australian Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers)
circulating – marginating pool :
Acute endotoxemia
Decreased
Bone marrow release:
Myelokathexis ( not reported in animals)
Idiophatic
vit. B12 deficiency / “Imerslan-Grasbeck syndrome” (Border Collies, Giant Schnauzers), Idiopathic neutropenia (cats)
BAND NUETROPHILS
Increased
Inflammation :
usually acute or ongoing, higher numbers are seen with more severe inflammation, left shift can include earlier precursors (e.g, metamyelocytes or myelocytes) when inflammation is severe
neoplasia
Myeloid leukemia (acute or chronic), may be accompanied by dysplasia
LYMPHOCYTES
Most common cause is :
physiologic or age-related lymphocytosis.
In adult animals, should consider
chronic lymphoid leukemia or leukemic phase of small or intermediate lymphoma.
can also result in a lymphocytosis in adult animals but is less common.
Antigenic stimulation
LYMPHOCYTES Increased :
Physiologic
Age (< 6mths - puppies, kittens, foals);
catecholamine-induced shift of lymphocytes (epinephrine response, particularly in cats, horses, young animals)
Antigenic stimulation :
Infectious: Ehrlichia canis, bovine leukemia virus, bovine leukemia virus induced persistent lymphocytosis, feline leukemia virus, Theileria, Babesia Chronic inflammation: Inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiohepatitis
Infectious: Ehrlichia canis, bovine leukemia virus, bovine leukemia virus induced persistent lymphocytosis, feline leukemia virus, Theileria, Babesia
Chronic inflammation: Inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiohepatitis
Neoplasia
Lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma,, thymoma
Other ;
Hypoadrenocorticism
DECREASED lymphocytes:
Most common
Endogenous/exogenous corticosteroids, acute bacterial/viral infection
DECREASED lymphocytes:
Most common
Endogenous/exogenous corticosteroids, acute bacterial/viral infection
Latrogenic
Glucocorticoid therapy, immunosuppressive drugs, radiation therapy, adrenocorticotropic hormone administration
Stress response
Endogenous/exogenous corticosteroids, hyperadreno corticism
Acute inflammation
Endotoxemia, bacterial, viral infection
Acute inflammation
Endotoxemia, bacterial, viral infection
Loss of lymphocytes:
Lymphocyte-rich effusions (e.g. chylothorax), loss of lymph (e.g. lymphagiectasia)
Lymphocyte-rich effusions eg.
Chylothorax
Loss of nymph eg.
Lymphagiectasia
Lymphocytolysis
Viral infection, corticosteroids
Immunodeficiency
FIV, FeLV
Severe combined immunodeficiency:
horses (Arabian, Appaloosa),
dogs (Welsh Corgi, Jack Russell Terrier, Basset Hound);
Bovine hereditary zinc deficiency
(lethal trait A46)
Increased MONOCYTES
Latrogenic
Glucocorticoids, ACTH, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration
Stress response
Endogenous/exogenous corticosteroids (dogs, cats), ACTH administration, hyperadrenocorticism
Inflammation:
Infectious
Acute and chronic bacterial (e.g. Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Actinomyces),
rickettsial infections,
fungal (histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomy cosis, aspergillosis),
protozoal infections
Necrosis: hemorrhage, hemolysis, infarction
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia
Inflammation:
Infectious
acute and chronic bacterial (e.g. Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Actinomyces),
rickettsial infections,
fungal (histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomy cosis, aspergillosis), protozoal infections
Necrosis: hemorrhage, hemolysis, infarction
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia
Paraneoplastic response
Lymphoma
EOSINOPHILS
Increased
Physiologic
Estrus l, pregnancy (Dog)
Inflammation
Parasites -endoparasites (eg.)
(e.g. Aleurostrongylosis, Dilofilariasis),
Ectoparasites ;
eosinophilic granuloma complex, eosinophilic inflammatory bowel disease (cats);
eosinophilic myositis, eosinophilic panosteitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis (dogs)
Immune-medited
Allergic and hypersensitivity reaction (common)
Neiplasia
Paraneoplastic eosinophilia (mast cell tumors, lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma);
chronic eosinophilic leukemia (rare)
Other
Hydroadrenocorticism
Increased
Idiophathic
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (Rothweillers,cats)
Decreased
Latrogenic
Exogenous corticosteroids
Decreased
Latrogenic
Exogenous corticosteroids
BASOPHILS increased:
Immune-mediated (accompanies eosinophilia)
Allergies; parasites: fleas, ticks, gastrointestinal parasites,
vascular parasites (e.g. Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum)
Increased
Neoplasia
Mast cell tumors, chronic myeloproliferative disease (chronic myeloid leukemia),
-essential thrombocythemia (chronic platelet leukemia),
-basophilic leukemia (rare)
Decreased BASOPHILS :
Urticaria and anaphylaxis, some inflammatory and immunologic conditions, corticosteroid administration, neoplasia, and hemorrhage.
PLATELETS increased:
Reactive thrombocytosis
2. Neoplastic thrombocytosis
Neaplasia, chronic infarmatory diseases, immune mediated disease (immune mediated heralytic anemia, non-regenerative immune mediated anemia),
trauma (fractures, diaphragmatic hemia),
drugs (especially antinecolastic agents and corticosteroids),
iron deficienty anemia, splenic contraction (horses),
splenectomized animals (transient)
Decresed of PLATELETS:
Artifacts
Clumping, venipuncture difficulties
Decresed of PLATELETS:
Artifacts
Clumping, venipuncture difficulties
Latrogenic
Hemodilution
Latrogenic
Hemodilution
Production
Infection (Ehrlichia ,FIV)
Consumption
Hemorrhage , DIC
Destruction/clearance
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Sequestration
Hypersplenism
