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411- PATHOLOGYY > PART 2- THIRD LEARNING > Flashcards

PART 2- THIRD LEARNING Flashcards

1
Q

increase in the absolute number of circulating lymphocytes occur occasionally in domestic animals.

A

Lymphocytosis

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2
Q

caused by one or more of the following conditions:

A
  1. all conditions that have an associated neutropenia may have a relative lymphocytosis
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2
Q
  1. Physiologic leukocytosisis the car may be accompanied by an absolute increase in lymphocytes.
A
  1. Physiologic leukocytosis
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2
Q
  1. lymphocytic leukomias are accompanied by marked increase in lymphocytes
A
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3
Q
  1. hyperthyroidism has been reported to have accompanying lymphocytosis.
A
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3
Q
  1. Adrenocortical insufficiency may be manifested by an increase number of number of lymphocytes.
A
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3
Q
  1. during the recovery stages of certain infections, an increase in the total number of lymphocytes.
A
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4
Q

decrease of lymphocytes and the persistence of this decrease.

A

Lymphopenia

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5
Q

lymphopenia may be caused by:

A
  1. certain viral disease in cats.
  2. stress
  3. injection of adrenocortical hormones or ACTH
  4. Ionizing radiation or immunosuppresive drugs.
  5. Loss of efferent lymph as with rupture of the thoracic duct and loss oflymph into lumen of the intestine in some chronic enteric diseases.
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5
Q

development also occurs in the bone marrow; migrate into tissues and become a macrophage. Hence, primary function is phagocytosis.

A

Monocyte

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5
Q

is seen in conditions that also produce a leukopenia adn nuetropenia.

A

A relative monocytosis

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6
Q

MONOCYTOSIS OCCURS IN SEVERAL conditions:

A
  1. chronic diseases,those whoch large amounts of particulate matter must be removed.
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6
Q

examples :

A

fungal infections and most conditions accompanied by granulomatous reaction

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7
Q
  1. Certain infectious diseases such as in swine and other animlas
A

erysipelas and listeriosis in swine and brucellosis,

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8
Q
  1. Monocytic leukomias
  2. ACTH and corticoid treatment in dog and cats.
  3. with acute stress reactions in dog and cat
  4. Hyperadrenocorticism.
A
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9
Q

methods for determining total leukocyte counts are more accurate

A
  1. Semiautomated electronic methods
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10
Q

It can also calculate

A

hemoglobin concentration, PCV, MCV, MCHC.

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11
Q

Example of this is the

A

Coulter counting system

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12
Q

B. Techniques for rapid estimation of leukocytes

A
  1. DNA viscosity techniques
  2. Examination of Wet blood film stained with New Methylene Blue.
  3. Estimation of total leukocyte count from a stained blood film.
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13
Q

Interpretation of Leukocyte Counts.

A
  1. Age of the animal
  2. Breed or species of the animal
  3. Degree of fear or excitement of the animal while the blood is being withdrawn.
  4. Stage of pregnancy.
  5. Stage of estrus.
  6. Stage of Digestion
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13
Q

uses alkyl aryl sulfonate solution with bromcresol purple (also used in detecting leukocytes in milk).

A
  1. DNA viscosity techniques
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14
Q

C. Differential Leukocyte Count

This is accomplished by a stained blood film using a

A

Meander or Battlement Method, and starting at the feathered end of the smear, and counting 100 cells.

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15
Q

Increased
Marginating – circulating pool

A

Physiologic neutrophilia (catecholamines),
Stress neutrophilia (corticosteroids)

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16
Q

bone marrow release :

A

Inflammatory cytokines

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16
Q

three factors in relation to a disease condition can be elicited by interpretation of the leukocytes pictures:

A
  1. severity of the condition
  2. duration of the process
  3. prognosis
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17
Q

neutrophils
most common:

A

Corticosteroids (stress)
Epinephrine (physiologic) and
Inflammation

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18
Q

Bone marrow production

A

Granulopoiesis– may causes

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19
Q

Tissue migration:

A

Bovine/canine leukocytes adhesion deficiency

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20
Q

Delayed apoptosis :

A

corticosteroids, inflammation

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21
Q

bone marrow production :

A

Bone marrow aplasia, ineffective -Myelopoiesis ( immune -mediated, infectionus agenrs, drugs, histiocytic disorders)

-Myelophtisis (leukemia, lymphoma, histiocytic sarcoma),

-Drug-induced injury, cyclic hematopoiesis in GREY COLLIES: infectious agents (FIV, FeLV, ehrlichia canis)

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21
Q

decreased
Tissue migration

A

Bacterial sepsis, tumor necrosis, abscess , endotoxemia

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22
Q

Destruction

A

immune-mediated neutropenia, hemophagocytic syndromes, histiocytic sarcoma

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22
Q

Decreased :
physiologic

A

dog breed ( Tervuren shepherds, Australian Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers)

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23
Q

circulating – marginating pool :

A

Acute endotoxemia

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24
Q

Decreased
Bone marrow release:

A

Myelokathexis ( not reported in animals)

25
Q

Idiophatic

A

vit. B12 deficiency / “Imerslan-Grasbeck syndrome” (Border Collies, Giant Schnauzers), Idiopathic neutropenia (cats)

25
Q

BAND NUETROPHILS
Increased
Inflammation :

A

usually acute or ongoing, higher numbers are seen with more severe inflammation, left shift can include earlier precursors (e.g, metamyelocytes or myelocytes) when inflammation is severe

26
Q

neoplasia

A

Myeloid leukemia (acute or chronic), may be accompanied by dysplasia

26
Q

LYMPHOCYTES
Most common cause is :

A

physiologic or age-related lymphocytosis.

27
Q

In adult animals, should consider

A

chronic lymphoid leukemia or leukemic phase of small or intermediate lymphoma.

27
Q

can also result in a lymphocytosis in adult animals but is less common.

A

Antigenic stimulation

27
Q

LYMPHOCYTES Increased :
Physiologic

A

Age (< 6mths - puppies, kittens, foals);
catecholamine-induced shift of lymphocytes (epinephrine response, particularly in cats, horses, young animals)

28
Q

Antigenic stimulation :
Infectious: Ehrlichia canis, bovine leukemia virus, bovine leukemia virus induced persistent lymphocytosis, feline leukemia virus, Theileria, Babesia Chronic inflammation: Inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiohepatitis

A

Infectious: Ehrlichia canis, bovine leukemia virus, bovine leukemia virus induced persistent lymphocytosis, feline leukemia virus, Theileria, Babesia

Chronic inflammation: Inflammatory bowel disease, cholangiohepatitis

29
Q

Neoplasia

A

Lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma,, thymoma

30
Q

Other ;

A

Hypoadrenocorticism

31
Q

DECREASED lymphocytes:
Most common

A

Endogenous/exogenous corticosteroids, acute bacterial/viral infection

32
Q

DECREASED lymphocytes:
Most common

A

Endogenous/exogenous corticosteroids, acute bacterial/viral infection

33
Q

Latrogenic

A

Glucocorticoid therapy, immunosuppressive drugs, radiation therapy, adrenocorticotropic hormone administration

34
Q

Stress response

A

Endogenous/exogenous corticosteroids, hyperadreno corticism

35
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Endotoxemia, bacterial, viral infection

36
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Endotoxemia, bacterial, viral infection

37
Q

Loss of lymphocytes:

A

Lymphocyte-rich effusions (e.g. chylothorax), loss of lymph (e.g. lymphagiectasia)

38
Q

Lymphocyte-rich effusions eg.

A

Chylothorax

39
Q

Loss of nymph eg.

A

Lymphagiectasia

40
Q

Lymphocytolysis

A

Viral infection, corticosteroids

41
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

FIV, FeLV

42
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency:

A

horses (Arabian, Appaloosa),

dogs (Welsh Corgi, Jack Russell Terrier, Basset Hound);

43
Q

Bovine hereditary zinc deficiency

A

(lethal trait A46)

44
Q

Increased MONOCYTES
Latrogenic

A

Glucocorticoids, ACTH, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration

45
Q

Stress response

A

Endogenous/exogenous corticosteroids (dogs, cats), ACTH administration, hyperadrenocorticism

46
Q

Inflammation:
Infectious

A

Acute and chronic bacterial (e.g. Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Actinomyces),
rickettsial infections,
fungal (histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomy cosis, aspergillosis),
protozoal infections

Necrosis: hemorrhage, hemolysis, infarction
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

47
Q

Inflammation:
Infectious

A

acute and chronic bacterial (e.g. Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Actinomyces),
rickettsial infections,
fungal (histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomy cosis, aspergillosis), protozoal infections

Necrosis: hemorrhage, hemolysis, infarction
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

48
Q

Paraneoplastic response

A

Lymphoma

49
Q

EOSINOPHILS
Increased
Physiologic

A

Estrus l, pregnancy (Dog)

50
Q

Inflammation
Parasites -endoparasites (eg.)

A

(e.g. Aleurostrongylosis, Dilofilariasis),

51
Q

Ectoparasites ;

A

eosinophilic granuloma complex, eosinophilic inflammatory bowel disease (cats);

52
Q

eosinophilic myositis, eosinophilic panosteitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis (dogs)

A
53
Q

Immune-medited

A

Allergic and hypersensitivity reaction (common)

54
Q

Neiplasia

A

Paraneoplastic eosinophilia (mast cell tumors, lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma);

chronic eosinophilic leukemia (rare)

55
Q

Other

A

Hydroadrenocorticism

56
Q

Increased
Idiophathic

A

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (Rothweillers,cats)

57
Q

Decreased
Latrogenic

A

Exogenous corticosteroids

58
Q

Decreased
Latrogenic

A

Exogenous corticosteroids

59
Q

BASOPHILS increased:
Immune-mediated (accompanies eosinophilia)

A

Allergies; parasites: fleas, ticks, gastrointestinal parasites,

vascular parasites (e.g. Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum)

60
Q

Increased
Neoplasia

A

Mast cell tumors, chronic myeloproliferative disease (chronic myeloid leukemia),
-essential thrombocythemia (chronic platelet leukemia),
-basophilic leukemia (rare)

61
Q

Decreased BASOPHILS :

A

Urticaria and anaphylaxis, some inflammatory and immunologic conditions, corticosteroid administration, neoplasia, and hemorrhage.

62
Q

PLATELETS increased:
Reactive thrombocytosis
2. Neoplastic thrombocytosis

A

Neaplasia, chronic infarmatory diseases, immune mediated disease (immune mediated heralytic anemia, non-regenerative immune mediated anemia),

trauma (fractures, diaphragmatic hemia),
drugs (especially antinecolastic agents and corticosteroids),
iron deficienty anemia, splenic contraction (horses),
splenectomized animals (transient)

63
Q

Decresed of PLATELETS:
Artifacts

A

Clumping, venipuncture difficulties

64
Q

Decresed of PLATELETS:
Artifacts

A

Clumping, venipuncture difficulties

65
Q

Latrogenic

A

Hemodilution

66
Q

Latrogenic

A

Hemodilution

67
Q

Production

A

Infection (Ehrlichia ,FIV)

68
Q

Consumption

A

Hemorrhage , DIC

69
Q

Destruction/clearance

A

Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

70
Q

Sequestration

A

Hypersplenism

411- PATHOLOGYY (8 decks)

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