PART 1- THIRD LEARNING (Leukocytes, Bone marrow and Hematopoietic Neoplasia)

Question 1

Both the red blood cells and leukocytes present in the circulation are produced largely in the

Answer 1

bone marrow

Question 2

They are theorized to arise from a common stem cell —
which under a series of differentiation produces the red cells and leukocytes.

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(the pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell)

Question 3

three compartments of leukocytes in the animal body:

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1. Circulating pool
2. Marginal pool
3. Marrow pool

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comprises the leukocytes carried in the circulation

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1. Circulating pool

Question 5

comprises the leukocyte that are present at the periphery of blood vessels;

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2. Marginal pool

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• those leukocytes which are at the bone marrow awaiting differentiation and release, including those at other lymphoid tissues such as the lymph nodes and spleen.

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3. Marrow pool

Question 7

Following infections, some leukocytes at the marginal pool and circulating pool are deployed to the site of infection (following

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chemotaxis during inflammation

Question 7

This egress of leukocytes towards the tissue is a —-
such that those deployed do not re-enter the circulation.

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“one-way traffic”

Question 8

Mechanism of neutrophilia
1.Normal distribution in bone marrow into tissue

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Causes:
normal

Question 9

mechanism of neutrophilia
2. Demargination of neutrophils.

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causes:
Exercise
epinephrine
glucocorticoids

Question 10

Mechanism of neutrophilia
4. increased releases of marrow storage pool cells

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Causes:
Endotoxemia
Acute inflammation
Hypoxia
Glucocorticoids

Question 10

mechanism of neutrophilia
3. Decreased extravasation into tissue

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causes:
Glucocorticoids
Luekocytes adhesion deficiency

Question 11

Mechanism of neutrophilia:
5. Expansion of marrow precursor pool

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causes:
Chronic inflammation
Tumors
Rebound from neutropenia
Myeloproliferative disorder

Question 11

are produced in the bone marrow, released into the peripheral blood and migrate into the tissues.

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A. Granulocytes

Question 11

• correspond to a general increase in the number of leukocytes in the circulation, irrespective of the leukocyte cell type involved (usually elevated neutrophil counts),

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Leukocytosis

Question 12

is the reverse or the general reduction in leukocyte numbers.

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Leukopenia

Question 13

normally progresses in the bone marrow in an orderly fashion from blast cell to mature granulocyte.

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Granulopoiesis

Question 14

. Major features of the hematopoietic system include the following:

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(1) Proliferation of myeloid and lymphoid cells classically occurs in marrow and other lymphoid tissues, respectively.
(2) Seven nonlymphoid cell types and three major types of lymphoid cells are produced by the system.

Question 15

can maintain itself against continual removal of cells into the differential proliferation pool; reconstitute itself if depletion occurs; and depending upon the demand, can increase cell production.

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 Stem cell pool

Question 16

CFU-GEMM

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colony- forming unit–granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte.

Question 17

is not self-sustaining; made up myeloblast, pro granulocytes, and large and small myelocytes, and large and small myelocytes (the larger cells form a dividing pool that supplies cells to the maturation pool).

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 Differential proliferating pool

Question 18

pool it is not self-sustaining; made up of metamylocyte, band cells, and mature segmented granulocytes; no DNA synthesis occurs her

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 Non-proliferating or maturation pool

Question 19

o In the peripheral blood, granulocyte may be found adhering to the walls of

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-small blood vessels
-making up the marginal granulocyte pool (MGP) or
-they may be found within the blood stream (circulating granulocyte pool or CGP) FMGP and
- CGP together make up the total blood granulocyte pool (TBGP).

Question 20

o Proliferation of granulocytes is controlled by —
which are produced by —

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(colony stimulating activity) hormones
monocyte-macrophages and activated T lymphocytes.

Question 21

- phagocytosis of small particles

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1. neutrophils

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e.g. neutrophils

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pyogenic bacteria

Question 22

Neutrophil kinetics in health. Marrow has three major neutrophil pools:

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(1) self-renewal stem cells (CFU-G); (2) ProNP, or mitotic pool,- that contains myeloblasts (Mb), progranulocytes (Pg), and myelocytes (Mc); and (3) MatNP, or postmitotic pool,- that contains metamyelocytes (Mmc), band neutrophils (B), and segmented neutrophils (S).

Question 23

within the MatNP and contains segmented neutrophils

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SNP

Question 24

When neutrophils leave the marrow and enter blood, they distribute between the

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MNP and CNP

Question 25

After neutrophils bind to adhesion proteins on endothelial cells, they migrate into tissues to form

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TNP

Question 25

leukopenia either may be balanced (i.e,,)

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-decrease in all cellular element or -may be confined to a single cellular element.

Question 26

In the TNP, the neutrophils perform their protective functions and die.

Question 27

is a reduction in luekocytes count below normal values.

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leukopenia

Question 28

is referred to by the more specific name neutrophinia, lymphopenia or eosinopenia.

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latter

Question 29

causes of neutropenia related to alteration in bone arrow and known as the three D's:

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1. Degeneration (ineffective granulopoiesis) 2. Depression (reduced granulopoiesis) 3. Depletion ( reduced survival in blood)

Question 30

if any of these alteration occur in the bone marrow, the number of neutrophils in the periphral circulation

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is decresed

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- it is of the marrow is usually the result of a condition that causes deficiency in bone marrow activity that results in an ---

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degeneration inability to mature neutrophils (ineffective granulopoiesis)

Question 32

this alteration is characterized by a diminished number of neutrophils in with zero or very few immature neutrophils in peripheral blood.

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depression

Question 33

result when the marrow oses its ability to produce neutrophils in response to peripheral demands.

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Depression

Question 34

(reduced survival neutropenia) occurs when the demand of leukocytes is such that the marrow's storage pool is exhausted and the comensatory functional reaction has not yet become manifest.

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depletion

Question 35

two types of shift to the left have been described:

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-regenerative left shift -degenerative left shift

Question 35

is a term used to denote an increase in the number of immature neutrophils in the peripheral circulation.

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shift to the left

Question 36

is characterized by an absolute increase in neutrophils accompanied by the appearance of immature neutrophils in the peripheral circulation.

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regenerative left shift

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is manifested by a slight to moderate increase in the number of band neutrophils.

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slight left shift

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may include a few metamyelocytes and many band cells.

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moderate left shift

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is characterized by an increasing number of metamyelocytes with the occasional appearance of myelocytes and possibly some pro-myelocytes.

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Marked shift

Question 39

is one in which there is a normal, low, o falling total leukocyte count accompanied by a moderate to marked shift to the left

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degenerative left shift

Question 40

- found in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract linings, where they act as detoxifiers; mobilized at sites of Ag- Ab reactions in response to mediators released from basophils and mast cells.

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2. eosinophils

Question 41

is an increase n the number of circulating eosinophils in the peripheral blood.

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Eosinophilia

Question 42

eosinophilia as a refection of hypersensitivity in conditions such

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parasitism and allergic reaction.

Question 43

parasites that produce an increase in eosinophils are those that penetrate the tissue of the animal body such as :

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migrating ascarid larvae, trichiane , adn occasionally hookworms

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parasites that produce only localized lesions do not usually induce an eosinophilia.

Question 44

that are also a reflection of hypersensitivity are accompanied by an increase in eosinophils.

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2. anaphylactic reactions

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allergic reaction such: produce an eosinophilia

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asthma urticaria allergic bronchitis, allergic dermatitis and food allergies

Question 45

in the recovery stages of soem acute infections, relative increase of eosinophils.

Question 46

in adrenocortical insuffieciency eosinophilia may occur but is not a usual finding.

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adrenocortics

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Increase of eosinophils:

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-Granulocytic eosinophils leukemias. -Neoplasm of the ovary, serous membranes, and bone. -Eosinophilic myositis.

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splenectomy in dog may followed in about 30 days.

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3. basophils - function is not entirely known; granules contain

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heparin, histamine and a platelet- activating factor.

Question 47

Eosinophilic in dog :

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Eosinophilic gastroenteritis association with estrus.

Question 48

Eosinophilic in cat

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Eosinophilic granuloma

Question 49

devrelopment is same as that of other leukocytes (lymphoblast to prolymphocyte to mature small or large lymphocytes)

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Lymphocyte

Question 50

Lymphopoiesis occurs in

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in thymus (in neonates), bone marrow, and other lymphoid organs.

Question 50

lymphocytes is in the immunologic response of animal's body.

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lymphocytes

Question 51

The exact mechanisms involved in lymphocyte level regulation is

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unknown

Question 52

are distributed between marginal and circulating pools and may enter lymphoid organs or nonlymphoid tissues

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Blood lymphocytes

Question 53

. Lymphocytes that enter

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nonlymphoid tissue may remain or may enter the afferent lymphatic vessels and be transported to regional lymph nodes and then perhaps to blood via the thoracic duct.