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history conflict and tension > part 2 League of Nations and international peace > Flashcards

part 2 League of Nations and international peace Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the League of Nations

A

a group of countries that would work together and solve problems

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2
Q

who initially joined the League of Nations

A

42 members

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3
Q

who were the members of the council of the league of nations

A

britain, France, Italy, japan

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4
Q

why could USA not join the League of Nations

A

the senate refused to agree to it as Americans wanted to isolate themselves from Europe

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5
Q

what were the 4 main aims of the League of Nations

A
  • stop war
  • encourage disarmament
  • improve working conditions
  • tackle disease
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6
Q

where was the league based

A

Switzerland, as it hadn’t been involved in the war

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7
Q

why didn’t all powerful countries join

A

russia wasn’t allowed due to growing suspicions about communism, and countries who lost the war weren’t allowed

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8
Q

what treaty allowed Germany to join the league and when

A

Locarno treaty 1926

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9
Q

what is collective security

A

if all countries work together they can keep peace at the interest of all the nations

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10
Q

what did the league set up in 1920

A

International court of justice

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11
Q

how did the covenant set out how the league would deal with aggression

A

mitigation
moral condemnation
economic sanctions

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12
Q

why couldn’t the league use military sanctions

A

the league didn’t have their own army

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13
Q

5 areas of the league

A

the assembly
the council
permanent court of international justice
secretariat
special commissions

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14
Q

what happened if a vote in the assembly did not receive a unanimous result

A

motion would be passed to the council

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15
Q

what was the assembly

A

every member could send representatives to the assembly which met once a year to discuss members of the league, how the league’s money was spent and the election of judges in the PCIJ

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16
Q

what was the council

A

a smaller group which met more frequently, could veto rulings with their vote

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17
Q

who were the 4 permanent members of the council

A

britain, France, Italy Japan

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18
Q

5 league of nations special commissions

A

International labour organisation
disarmament commission
health organisation
slavery commission
commission for refugees

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19
Q

3 strengths of the League of Nations

A
  • was written into peace treaties at the end of ww1, so all nations had recognised the organisation
  • had a vast membership (42 members)
  • due to the membership, economic and moral sanctions were daunting punishments
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20
Q

4 weaknesses of the league of Nations

A
  • as not all important countries (USA) joined, under economic sanctions, countries could still trade
  • league had no army, no force
  • structure was complicated slowing down action
  • decisions had to be unanimous slowing it down
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21
Q

when was the vilna crisis

A

1920

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22
Q

what was the cause of the vilna crisis

A

vilna was to be the capital of Lithuania but the majority of the people wanted to be polish, polish army took control of the city

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23
Q

the league’s response to the vilna crisis

A

told Poland to remove their army, they refused. France and Britain would not send their armies, so Poland took vilna

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24
Q

when was the upper Silesia dispute

A

1921-1925

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25
Q

what happened during the upper Silesia dispute

A

upper Silesia was split into regions and given to Germany and Poland according to a plebiscite. Poland was given half the population and only a third of the land, with around half a million polish living in German territory. Germany had lost 3/4 of the coal mines they owned previously. In 1922 they complained and were awarded the right to import coal at a heavily discounted rate. Relations worsened after 1925

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26
Q

when was the Åland Islands crisis

A

1921

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27
Q

what was the cause of the Åland Islands crisis

A

Sweden and Finland claimed the islands, threatening war on each other

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28
Q

how did the league react to the Åland Islands crisis

A

decided the islands should go to Finland, however they weren’t allowed to build forts on the islands, preventing them from being used as a base to attack sweden

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29
Q

when was the corfu crisis

A

1923

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30
Q

what was the cause of the corfu crisis

A

Tellini and his team were murdered while surveying an area of Greece whilst deciding on the boundaries of Greece and Albania. Mussolini blamed it on the greek government demanding they should pay compensation. On 31 August Mussolini invaded and occupied corfu killing 15 people.

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31
Q

how did the league react to the corfu crisis

A

Greece appealed to the league and they condemned Mussolini’s act but agreed that Greece should pay the compensation, awarding the money to Italy after the killers were found. Mussolini complained to the conference of ambassadors, persuading them to undermine the league. Greece was forced to apologise and pay compensation directly to Mussolini

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32
Q

what did the league’s reaction to the corfu crisis show

A

proved they could easily be ignored and overturned by other international groups

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33
Q

when was the Bulgaria crisis

A

1925

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34
Q

what was the cause of the Bulgaria crisis

A

greek soldiers were killed on the Bulgarian border, Greece invaded.

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35
Q

how did the league react to the Bulgaria crisis

A

Bulgaria appealed to the league, they condemned Greece and ordered them to withdraw troops and pay compensation, they obeyed

36
Q

why did Greece not agree with the league’s actions during the Bulgaria crisis

A

they saw the league as hypocritical, as they had allowed Mussolini to do the same thing in corfu 1923, Greece are a small country so could not risk poor relations with powerful members of the league

37
Q

when was the Wall Street crash

A

1929

38
Q

why were the league powerless against the impacts of the Wall Street crash

A

many people turned to extremist parties who promised to make Germany strong again by overturning the treaty of versailles, deeming the league powerless

39
Q

when was the Locarno treaty

A

1925

40
Q

who signed the Locarno treaties

A

france, germany, britain, italy, belgium, Czechoslovakia

41
Q

who was the foreign minister of Germany in 1925

A

Gustav stresseman

42
Q

what were the terms of the Locarno treaties

A

each country agreed not to go to war with another, and if any country broke it, they would support the country that was invaded
allowed Germany to join League of Nations
Germany accepted the borders that the TofV defined

43
Q

why was the Locarno treaty significant to Germany

A

lessened the fear of French attack that the treaty of versailles had brought

44
Q

how did the Locarno treaty potentially mark the league of nations as a failure

A

the League of Nations should have been at the forefront of any international peace agreements

45
Q

who initiated the Locarno treaties

A

Gustav stresemann and Aristide briand (German and French foreign ministers)

46
Q

when was the kellogg-briand pact

A

1928

47
Q

what did the Kellogg-briand pact state

A

65 countries agreed to not use war as a way to solve disputes

48
Q

which were the first countries to be involved in the kellogg-briand pact

A

germany, france, USA

49
Q

why did the kellogg-briand pact further mark the league of nations as a failure

A

individual countries acted independently to the league, showing practical solutions could not be found within the league

50
Q

why wasn’t the League of Nations involved in the Kellogg-briand pact

A

germany and USA were not part of the league

51
Q

how did the Great Depression affect the League of Nations

A

the league were unable to fight aggressive dictators with moral condemnation, and since it didn’t have it’s own army it asked members, however countries didn’t want the expense of war during the great depression. Economic sanctions couldn’t be used as countries were not willing to stop trading with other, due to fear of damaging their economy further

52
Q

when was the Manchurian crisis

A

September 1931

53
Q

what was most of Japan’s economy based on during the 1920s

A

exporting silks to rich countries like USA

54
Q

why did the Japanese sin industry decline

A

silk is a luxury item and people cut back on luxuries when their families were starving, production had fallen by 30% by 1931

55
Q

what resources and amenities did Manchuria have

A

fertile farmland, industry, natural resources

56
Q

why was Japan a good place for Japan to invade - 4 reasons

A
  • geographically close to Japan
  • Japan already had the South Manchurian railway and the Kwangtung army in the area
  • history of confusion about who owned the area
  • army was getting stronger
57
Q

when was the explosion on the south Manchurian railway

A

18th September 1931

58
Q

what did the Japanese claim about the explosion on the railway

A

the train had been attacked by Chinese soldiers who had also shot at railway guards, the Chinese denied this saying all their soldiers were asleep at the time

59
Q

what did Japan do in response to the explosion on he railway

A

the Kwangtung army used the events as an excuse to take over Manchuria

60
Q

when did Japan change the name of Manchuria and what to

A

in 1932 it was renames manchukuo and Pu Yi was put in charge as a puppet ruler

61
Q

what did the league do in response to the mukden incident

A

put together a commission of inquiry, led by Lord Lytton

62
Q

what happened in the commission of inquiry regarding the mukden incident

A

the report published In October 1932 concluded that Japan was in the wrong and had reacted disproportionally to the explosion

63
Q

what was japan’s response to the commission of inquiry

A

they left the league, and in 1933 invaded Jehol, using the 2 areas as a base to invade the whole country in 1937

64
Q

why did the mukden incident mark the failure of the league

A
  • a member had ignored the covenant
  • the league acted slowly
65
Q

why was the league reluctant to act during the mukden incident - 3 reasons

A
  • china and Japan were far removed from Geneva’s headquarters
  • many people chose to believe Japan, as they were a powerful member of the league
66
Q

why was there little for the league to do after issuing moral condemnation to Japan - 3 reasons

A
  • couldn’t afford armed forces due to Great Depression
  • economic sanctions would not work as Japan’s main trade partner was USA which was not a member
  • nearest country was USSR, but was not a member
67
Q

when was the Abyssinian crisis

A

1935

68
Q

what is the stresa front

A

agreement between Italy, britain and France signed in 1935, agreeing that they would unite against hitler

69
Q

why did Mussolini want Abyssinia - 4 reasons

A
  • promised his people that he would rebuild the ancient Roman Empire
  • already owned colonies surrounding Abyssinia
  • good for Italian economy
  • confident the stresa front would stop britain and France from interfering
70
Q

when did Italian soldiers clash with Abyssinians at Wal Wal

A

December 1934

71
Q

how many died when at Wal Wal

A

150 Abyssinians and 2 Italians

72
Q

what did the league do following the incident at Wal Wal

A

they attempted to intervene but found it difficult to stop Mussolini

73
Q

when did Mussolini’s troops enter Abyssinia

A

3rd October 1935

74
Q

what did the Italians use to invade Abyssinia

A

bombed tribal villages, chemical weapons to terrorise people into surrendering

75
Q

what resistance was the Italian army met wi

A

small Abyssinian soldiers with spears

76
Q

who was the Abyssinian emperor

A

haile Selassie

77
Q

when did Haile Selassie meet with the League of Nations

A

20th June 1936

78
Q

when did Italian troops take the Addis Ababa

A

5th may 1936

79
Q

4 reasons the league failed in Abyssinia

A
  • trade sanctions against Italy
  • failure to close the Suez Canal
  • the hoare-laval pact
  • trade sanctions against Abyssinia
80
Q

why were the trade sanction imposed on Italy not enough to stop the invasion of Abyssinia

A

the ban of coal or oil could have stopped the invasion as it was needed for fuel

81
Q

why was the failure to close the Suez Canal a failure of the league

A

closing the canal would have stopped Mussolini from moving troops and supplies to Abyssinia

82
Q

why didn’t Britain and France close the Suez Canal

A

the didn’t want to upset Mussolini, as they were worried he would unite with hitler

83
Q

what did the Hoare-laval pact say

A

britain and France’s foreign ministers met in secret to agree that half of Abyssinia would be given to Italy, however this was not their land to give

84
Q

why was the Hoare-laval pact bad for the league

A

the foreign ministers had to resign as they had proved that britain and France were willing to undermine the league for their own self-interest

85
Q

when did Italy leave the league

A

may 1936

86
Q

what were the trade sanctions imposed on Abyssinia

A

the league banned members from selling arms to Abyssinia, leaving them with nothing to defend themselves against Mussolini

history conflict and tension (3 decks)

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