Part 2 - Classical Era Flashcards
Classicism
- Refers to the cultures of ancient Rome and Greece, as well as the art, architecture, and music of the late 18th century;
- Adheres to principles of symmetry, balance, and proportion; and
- Emphasis on excellence, enduring value, and timeless quality.
Viennese school
Refers to the musical style forged by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven and their contemporaries. In late 18th century, Vienna, Austria, flourished as a musical centre.
Absolute music
- Instrumental music without extramusical associations;
- Also known as “pure music”;
- Generic titles reflecting tempos, genres, or forms; for exemple, sonata, allegretto, menuet, rondo.
Sonata form
- Formal structure often used in the first movement of a sonata cycle;
- Consists of exposition (statement of two or more contrasting themes), development (departure), and recapitulation (return);
- Also known as sonata-allegro form.
Exposition
- The first main section in sonata form;
- Two contrasting themes are stated;
- The first theme is in the tonic key;
- The second theme(s) are in a contrasting key, generally in the dominant or relative major.
Development
- The second main section in sonata form;
- Themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment, or changes to orchestration;
- Modulations and increased harmonic tension;
- New themes may also be introduced.
Recapitulation
The third main section in sonata form, with the first and second themes both restated in the tonic.
Coda
Latin for ‘tail’ (cauda), a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key.
Sonata cycle
Multi-movement structure that emerged in the Classical era, demonstrated in the symphony, sonata, or concerto.
Chamber music
Music for a small ensemble (two to ten players) with one player per part, usually performed without a conductor.
String quartet
- The most important chamber music genre of the Classical era;
- Performing forces: first violin, second violin, viola, and cello;
- Usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast;
- First movement is usually in sonata form.
Theme and variations
- A work featuring a statement of a melody (theme) followed by a series of transformations (variations);
- Changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration;
- Often used in the slow movement of a sonata cycle.
Serenade
- A multi-movement orchestral genre;
- For small orchestra or chamber ensemble;
- Popular instrumental genre in the Classical era;
- Often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events.
Rocket theme
Rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio, often used as a dramatic opening motive in Classical-era works.
Menuet and trio
- Menuet: A stylized dance of French origin developed in the Baroque era;
- In triple meter;
- Graceful, elegant character;
- Trio: Contrasting middle section;
- Ternary form (ABA).
Rounded binary form
- Two-part form, A ll B + A1 ll
- Opening material from Section A returns after B material;
- Key structure similar to binary form.
Rondo form
- Classical formal structure often used in sonata cycle;
- Section A recurs, with alternating sections creating contrast;
- Section A is heard three times or more in the tonic key;
- ABACA or ABACABA.
Sonata-rondo form
- Combines elements of sonata form and rondo form;
- Typical layout: ABACABA (ABA = Exposition; C = Development; Second ABA = Recapitulation):
- Aka ‘Rondo-sonata’ form.
Symphony
- Multi-movement orchestral work originating in the 18th century;
- Usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderate-fast;
- At least one movement is in sonata form.
Cyclical structure
Material heard in one movement recurs in later movements, creating a structural unity in a multi-movement work.
Motive
Short melodic or rhythmic fragment used to build a melody.
Scherzo and trio
- Italian for “jest” or “joke”;
- Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the menuet as the 3rd movement in the sonata cycle;
- Also in triple meter, but generally more dramatic than the elegant menuet;
- Could be humorous or ironic;
- As with the menuet and trio, it contains a contrasting middle section (trio), resulting in ABA form (scherzo-trio-scherzo).
Why was the late 18th century referred to as the Age of Enlightenment?
As it was characterized by the pursuit of knowledge, rational thinking, and a growing, controversial desire for equality among all people.
Where was the centre of musical activity in the Classical era?
Vienna.
What drew the three giants (composers) of the Classical era to Vienna?
The city’s vibrant culture and history of arts patronage.
What historical event affected composer-patron relationships? How was this reflected in composers’ careers?
The French Revolution (1789-1799), bringing social and political change.
Haydn thrived while working for the same family throughout his career.
Mozart had difficulty maintaining patronage appointments.
Beethoven never worked for a single employer, though he was loyally supported.
What were the three Classical ideals?
Proportion, symmetry, balance.
Which form was key to the musical development of the Classical era?
Sonata form, which had a focus on structural balance.
What other names is the sonata form referred to as?
First-movement form or sonata-allegro form.
Which principle was sonata form developed from? Describe the structure of this form.
Rounded binary:
Section A starts in I, ends in V.
Section B is in a new key.
Section A1 is in I.
Which composers were key in the emergence of sonata form?
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Johann Christian Bach, members of the Mannheim School.
Which Viennese School composers further developed sonata form?
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.
What are the features of the introduction section of the Sonata form, when it is present?
A non-standard component, and generally not included in the repeat of the exposition.
Usually slow, not always related to what comes later.
Establishes the tonic key, though sometimes in the tonic major or minor. Creates musical tension and suspense, to capture the listener’s interest.
What are the features of the Exposition in the Sonata form?
First theme:
Establishes the tonic key, presents a distinctive melodic & rhythmic character, sets the mood for the entire movement.
Bridge:
Initiates the move to a new key centre, often consisting of scale figurations, chordal passages.
Second theme:
Establishes the new key (dominant, relative major), creates melodic & rhythmic character contrast, sometimes consists of several themes (theme group).
Codetta (closing theme/section):
Affirms the new key by extending the final sentence, generally ends with a repeat sign.
How many times is the exposition in Sonata form repeated?
Once.
What are the features of the Development, in Sonata form?
- Harmonic tension intensifies: Modulation, increased dissonance
- Manipulation of earlier-presented thematic material
- Use of technique: Sequential treatment, fragmentation, inversion, orchestration changes
- May present new material
- Generally ends with dominant preparation: Emphasis of dominant harmony, in anticipation of the return to the tonic key.
What are the features of the Recapitulation in Sonata form?
The first theme returns to the tonic key.
The bridge remains in the tonic - no need to modulate!
The second theme is restated in the tonic.
The codetta is restated in the tonic.
What are the features of the Coda, when present, in Sonata form?
A non-standard component!
Concluding section reaffirming the tonic key, consisting of repeated cadences, while sometimes presenting new material.
Which sections of Sonata form re sometimes repeated as a unit?
The development and rcaptiuation.
In 19th-century compositions, what replaced the repetition of the development and the recapitulation in Sonata form?
A longer coda.
Who is regarded as the father of Classical style? Which genres was he father of?
Franz Joseph Hadyn, father of the symphony and the string quartet.
For which genres was Haydn a key figure in the development of?
Symphony, sonata, string quartet.
Which system did Haydn enjoy the benefits of, during his long and prolific career? What were these benefits?
The patronage system. He kept the same employer, rejoicing from financial security. As such, he could experiment with approaches to formal structure and instrumental writing.
What are the key elements in Haydn’s music?
He incorporates a wide range, including robust energy, the spirit of folk music, wit, humour.
Which two composers paid homage to Haydn during the later years of his life?
Mozart and Beethoven.
Between what years did Franz Joseph Haydn live?
DOB: 1732
DOD: 1809
What was Franz Joseph Haydn’s family background?
He was born himself in Rohrau, Austria.
His father was a wheelwright, his mother was a cook.
His brothers Michael and johann also became musicians.
After his childhood talents were recognized, where was Franz Joseph Haydn recruited to be a choirboy?
At St. Stephen’s Cathedral, Vienna.
Where was Franz Joseph Haydn educated?
At St. Stephen’s, but he also self-taught.
Who did Franz Joseph Haydn consider to be his only teacher?
Nicolo Porpora, an Italian singer/composer.
Why was Haydn dismissed from St. Stephen’s Cathedral, and what did he do thereafter?
His voice changed. He became a freelance musician in Vienna, an emerging cultural centre. This was a difficult period for him, as he earned a living by composing, performing, teaching and accompanying. During this time, he gradually gained the attention of potential patrons.
In what year did Haydn begin his first full-time position as Kappellmeister (music director)? Who was this to, and what did his duties consist of?
In 1759. This was to Count Ferdinand von Morzin. He conducted, composed (including his first symphony!), performed.
Who did Haydn marry in 1760?
Maria Anna Keller.
What was Haydn’s link to the Esterhazy family?
In 1761, he began his employment in Eisenstadt, with the wealthy and influential Esterhazy family. He was first assistant Kapellmeister, becoming Kapellmeister and moving into the Esterhaza estate (a magnificent palace) in 1766.
What did Haydn’s contract and duties include, while working for the Esterhazy family?
His contract stipulated a dress code, deportment, and musical expectations.
His duties included training instrumentalists, conducting, composing, and performing chamber music. He supplied all music for the court opera house, theater, and chapel.
What did Haydn explore during his time with the Esterhazy family?
Haydn discovered artistic voice and his position’s creative freedom allowed him to explore leading genres of the day: symphony, opera, string quartet.
How did Haydn’s reputation grow during his time with the Esterhazy family?
He published many works, and received commissions from other sources, such as his “Paris” Symphonies.
How was Haydn’s relationship with Mozart?
The friendship was filled with respect and admiration, despite age differences. They dedicated string quartets to one another.
When did Haydn move to Vienna, and why?
He moved to Vienna in 1790, after Prince Anton succeeded Prince Nikolai.
When working for Prince Anton, what were Haydn’s duties?
His duties solely consisted of composing an annual mass. He received a pension, but other duties were relieved.
What did Haydn do during his London travels?
During his first trip, he was engaged by concert promoter Johann Peter Salomon for a series of concerts.
He composed, conducted the first six of his “London” symphonies, “electrifying” audiences.
From which university did Haydn receive his honorary doctorate?
Oxford University.
When and where did Haydn meet Beethoven?
Vienna, 1792. He taught him briefly.
In what year did Haydn make his second trip to London, and what did he do?
In 1794. His last six symphonies were critically and financially successful.
When did Haydn move back to Vienna permanently?
1795.
What did Haydn compose during his later years?
Oratorios: “The Creation”, “The Season”;
Masses for Prince Nicholas II, Anton’s successor (6)
More string quartets
Why did Haydn retire in 1802?
Failing health.
When was Haydn’s last public appearance?
In 1808, at a performance of “The Creation”.
When did Haydn die, and what was performed at his memorial service?
- Mozart’s Requiem was performed.
From which styles did Haydn’s music gain inspiration?
Style galant: Grace, elegance
Sturm and Drang (storm and stress): Dramatic contrasts
Empfindsamer Stil (sensitive style): Heightened emotionalism
How did Haydn contribute to the development of sonata form?
Formal elements: Melody, harmony.
He included slow introductions featuring ambiguous tonality, suspenseful atmosphere, chromatic harmony.
What characterizes Haydn’s expositions?
They are often monothematic. The first and second themes are identical/similar, but in different keys.
What type of singing/dancing influenced Haydn?
Folk songs and dances. He used simple diatonic melodies, with a narrow range.
What type of interesting sound effects did Haydn include?
Pedal points, suggesting bagpipes.
Pizzicato strings, suggesting guitar.
How was Haydn’s musical playfulness shown?
Sudden dynamic changes, abrupt silences.
How were dramatic elements included in Haydn’s compositions? Give an example.
Sudden accents;
Bold changes of chords/keys.
For example, his use of a loud C+ chord in “The Creation”, to depict the word “light”.
What characterizes Style galant?
- Musical style originating in the 1720s;
- Features periodic melodies, homophonic texture, delicate ornamentation = Airy, light texture, contrasting with dense polyphony of J.S. Bach.
What characterizes Sturm und Drang?
- Literary movement of the 1770s;
- Heightened emotion and dramatic contrasts, are exemplified in the works of Goethe, Schiller, and contemporaries;
- Influenced Classical composers, foreshadowing the Romantic style.
What characterizes Empfindsamer Stil?
- Introspective, expressive style: Use of unexpected turns of phrase, abrupt rhythmic gestures, chromatic harmony;
- Exemplified in the music of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach;
- Foreshadowed Romanticism.
What genres did Haydn compose, and what are his most famous titles?
Symphonies (100+): “Farewell” (No. 45), “Surprise” (No. 94), “Military” (No. 100), “Clock” (No. 101), “London” (No. 104)
Concertos, for piano, violin, cello, trumpet
Chamber: 68 string quartets, including “Quinten” and “Kaiser”
Piano: 40+ sonatas
Operas (14): “Armida”
Oratorios: “The Creation”, “The Seasons”, “The Seven Last Words of Christ”
Sacred Vocal: Masses, including “Lord Nelson Mass”, “Mass in the Time of War”
Novelties: Marionette theater works, compositions for the baryton (now obsolete string instrument)
Who were Haydn’s six string quartets comprising opus 76, composed between 1796 and 1797, comissioned by? Who were these works dedicated to?
Count Joseph Erdödy, to whom these string quartets were also dedicated.
What is the nickname for String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
“Emperor Quartet”. This nickname derives from the elegant second movement theme, which becomes the basis for a set of variations.
How did Haydn express his sincere admiration for the English anthem “God Save the King”? Where is this work quoted?
He wrote a moving national anthem for his native Austria in honor of its emperor, Francis II, called “Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser” (“God Save Emperor Francis”).
The work is quoted in the compositions of many composers, but the most famous is within Haydn’s “Emperor Quartet”.
How can you describe the musical conversation in a string quartet?
As one between friends, intimate and refined.
What is the genre, composition, structure, and the significance of title of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Genre: String quartet
Composition date: 1797
Structure: 4 movements
Significance of title: “Emperor” refers to the anthem upon which the second movement is based.
How can you describe the anthem upon which “Emperor Quartet” is based?
It contains five phrases, aabcc.
The hymn text pays homage to the Austrian emperor.
It is in binary form, AB.
It utilizes diatonic harmonies.
What is the key, form, tempo, meter, and source of text of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Key: G major Form: Theme and Variations (4) Tempo: Begins "Poco adagio, cantabile" Meter: 2/2 Source of text: An original hymn by Haydn, known as the "Kaiserhymne" (Emperor's Hymn)
What is a unique feature of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Haydn achieves variation through the accompaniment alone.
In each variation, the melody is presented in its unaltered form by each instrument, preserving its noble character.
What is the key, tempo, phrasing, and the texture of the theme of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn? Who is the theme played by?
Key: G+ Tempo: Poco adagio, cantabile Phrasing: 5 phrases, aabcc Texture: Homophonic The theme is played by the first violin, unfolding in elegant four-bar phrases.
What is the marking for the theme of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Dolce - sweetly.
What marking stirs intensity to the theme of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Accents, introduced at the climatic high G.
Who plays the theme in Variation I of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Second violin.
What is the instrumental reduction in Variation I of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Two violins only.
How is contrast and virtuasity achieved in Variation I of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Elaborate sixteenth-note figuration, played by the first violin.
How can you describe the accompaniment of Variation I of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
It delicately encircles the melody.
Who plays the theme in Variation II of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
The cello.
What are the features of Variation II of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Delicate contrapuntal lines interweave above the melody.
The first and second violins feature syncopation and increased rhythmic drive, as the variation unfolds.
The first violin introduces many chromatic inflections.
Who plays the theme in Variation III of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
The viola.
What are the features of Variation III of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Rich chromatic harmonies are introduced in the accompaniment.
Syncopation is featured in the violins.
Who plays the theme in Variation IV of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
The first violin. First, in the middle register, then soaring in the uppr register.
What are the features of Variation IV of the second movement of String Quartet in C Major, op. 76, no. 3 by Franz Joseph Haydn?
Reharmonization with inflections of E- imparts a more somber tone.
Eventually, by the end of Section A, re-modulation back to G major.
Section B features dominant and tonic pedal points, sustained by the cello. This lends a sense of finality to the movement.
Before what age had Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart already performed for royalty?
Age of six.
By early teens, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had already composed which genres?
Operas, solo keyboard works, chamber music, symphonies.
What singular word can be used to describe the music of Mozart?
Lyricism, which was cultivated in his operas, and every genre he explored.
What year was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born in, and what year did he pass away?
DOB: 1756
DOD: 1791
Where was Mozart born?
Saltzburg, Austria
Who was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s father, and why was he notable?
Leopold Mozart. He was a highly esteemed violinist, court musician, composer, and author of ‘A Treatise on the Fundamental Principles of Violin Playing.
How did Mozart develop his child prodigy abilities?
His natural talent was revealed at a young age. He studied with his father, who oversaw his development as a virtuoso harpsichordist, pianist, organist, violinisit, composer.
How did Mozart showcase his child prodigy abilities?
His father planned extensive European tours. He performed for Empress Maria Theresa at age 6, met Johann Christian Bach (huge influence later on) at age 8.
Who did Mozart often perform with during his childhood?
His older sister Maria Anna, who was also a gifted musician.
When did Mozart compose his first opera,”La finta semplice” (The Fake Innocent)?
Age 12.
In what years did Mozart live in Saltzburg?
1769-1781
When was Mozart appointed as an unpaid concertmaster?
1769, in Saltzburg, at the court where his father was employed.
What did the new archbishop, Hieronymus von Colloredo, grant Mozart in 1771, when he was elected? How was his relationship with Mozart?
He granted Mozart a salary, but their relationship soon became antagonistic. Mozart was dismissed, then reinstated. Given his dissatisfaction in Salzburg, Mozart requested for dismissal.
During his time in Salzburg, where did Mozart travel to, and what did he do there?
3 extensive trips to Italy, giving concerts, composing operas. He received two diplomas from Accademia Filarmonica (Bologna and Verona).
Where did Mozart tour to during his time in Salzburg?
Munich, Augsburg, Mannheim, Paris.
What happened in 1778, during Mozart’s tour to Paris?
His mother died while on tour with him.
What kindled Mozart’s passion for opera, and when?
In 1779 - after the success of ‘Idomeneo’ in muNICH.
What years did Mozart spend in Vienna?
1781-1791
In moving to Vienna, what was Mozart’s hope?
To attain an official position at the imperial court of Joseph II.
How were Mozart’s finances during his time in Vienna?
Though he enjoyed relative prosperity as a freelance pianist, teacher, and composer, he tended to live beyond his means. Despite his success, his financial woes persisted throughout his career.
Who did Mozart become good friends with?
Haydn, to whom he dedicated several string quartet.
What did Mozart’s early court commission during his time in Vienna result in?
“The Abduction from the Seraglio, a Singspiel” (German comic opera)
Who did Mozart marry in 1782, and what was the outcome?
Constanze Weber, an opera singer. This was against his father’s wishes. 2/6 children survived.
What secret society did Mozart join during his time in Vienna?
Order of Freemasons, a secret society of enlightened thinkers. Leopold Mozart and Franz Joseph Haydn also became members.
What success did Mozart rejoice in 1786?
Successful premiere of ‘The Marriage of Figaro’, written with librettist Lorenzo da Ponte. More successful performances were done in Prague, of both ‘The Marriage of Figaro’, and ‘Don giOVANNI’.
What was Mozart named in his final years in Vienna?
Imperial Court Chamber Music Composer to Emperor Joseph II
What was Mozart’s reaction to hearing young Beethoven perform in 1787?
He was super impressed!
How did Mozart spend his final year (1791)?
His financial situation became worse, accompanied by declining health.
He began work on a Requiem, Mass for the dead. This was commissioned by Count Franz von Walsegg, who intended to claim it as his own. However, it was unfinished, with sketches left to his student Franz Xavier Sussmayr to complete the work.
He collaborated on ‘The Magic Flute’ with Emanuel Schikaneder (librettist, director, impresario). This became a very successful opera, containing veiled references to Masonic rituals.
He was commissioned to write ‘The Clemency of Titus’, for the coronation of Leopold II as King of Bohemia.
He died on December 5, 1791. His funeral was inexpensive, he was buried in an unmarked grave.
What characteristics of Viennese Classical ideals did Mozart exemplify?
Elegance, balance, poise, refinement, sophistication.
What genres did Mozart explore, advance, and develop?
Virtually all Classical genres! He notably contributed to the development of the Sonata form. He also contributed to the establishment of concerto structure with a double exposition in the first movement.
What type of phrasing structure did Mozart use primarily?
Four-measure, symmetrical.
Who influenced Mozart in the development of piano concerto?
Johann Christian Bach.
What style did Mozart crystallize?
18th-century piano style - in both his solo and concerto works.
How could you describe Mozart’s harmonic language?
It balanced diatonic and chromatic elements.
What orchestra was Mozart influenced by?
The Mannheim orchestra. His orchestral writing expanded to include wind instruments.
Knowing that opera was central to Mozart’s career, what types did he make contributions to?
Opera seria: Serious Italian opera, sung throughout. “Idomeneo”
Opera buffa: Comic Italian opera, sung throughout. “The Marriage of Figaro”
Singspiel: Comic German opera, with spoken dialogue. “The Magic Flute”.
How did Mozart use characters?
He created compelling, realistic characters dramatically and musically.
How did vocal writing affect Mozart’s instrumental writing?
He absorbed vocal qualities and melodic lyricism, especially evident in slow movements.
Who were Mozart’s works catalogued by, and when?
Ludwig von Kochel, in 1862.
What genres did Mozart compose, and what are his most famous titles?
Symphonies (40+): ‘Haffner’ (no. 35), ‘Linz’ (no. 36), ‘Prague’ (no. 38), No. 40, ‘Jupiter’ (no. 41)
Concertos: Piano (27), violin (5), flute, flute and harp, oboe, clarinet, horn
Chamber: String quartet (23) - ‘The Hunt’, ‘Dissonance’; Duo sonatas, trios, quintets, serenades, divertimenti
Piano: Sonatas, fantasias, variations
Operas (20+): ‘The Abduction from the Seraglio’, ‘Don Giovanni’, ‘Cosi fan tutte’
Vocal: Lieder, concert arias, motets, masses (‘Coronation Mass’, ‘Requiem Mass’)
What is the genre, composition date, translation of title, and performing forces of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Genre: Serenade for strings - Chamber music
Composition date: 1797
Translation of title: A little night music
Performing forces: Double string quartet (with double bass), often performed by a string orchestra
What occasion was Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart intended for?
Light entertainment for an aristocratic audience.
What are the three characteristic features of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Symmetrical phrases;
Essentially diatonic harmony;
Clarity of texture.
What is the key, form, tempo, and meter of the first movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Key: G major
Form: Sonata
Tempo: Allegro
Meter: 4/4
What occurs in the exposition of the first movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
First Theme: In unison, outlines the tonic, then dominant seventh chords. Homophonic texture, with the melodic line played by violin.
Bridge: Modulation to D+ (dominant). First violins outline a G+ triad, followed by ascending scale movement, leading to D+.
Second Theme Group: Contrast to the first theme, with the melody begins with a playful downward turn. Features a triplet figure, piano dynamic level. An insistent quality is created by the repetition of a eighth-note figure.
Codetta: All instruments play briefly in unison, ending with an authentic cadence in D+. Repeat signs are observed.
What occurs in the development of the first movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
The development is short - it begins with first-theme material in D+.
Quickly moves from D+ to C+, then features theme 2b material.
The end of the development emphasizes the dominant, to prepare the listener for the return of the main theme in the tonic key.
What occurs in the recapitulation of the first movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
First theme returns exactly as it appeared in the exposition;
Bridge unexpectedly cadences in D+, as in the exposition (rather than remaining in tonic key);
Second theme group brings return of G+, as anticipated by the listener;
Coda grows out of the codetta, ending with reference to the first theme.
What is the key, form, tempo, and meter of the second movement (Romanza) of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Key: C+ (subdominant)
Form: Rondo - ABACA coda
Tempo: Andante
Meter: 2/2
What is the character of Section A of the second movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Lyrical, understated, simple, elegant
Over what does Section A of the second movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart unfold?
Unfolds over a tonic pedal.
How is balance achieved in Section A of the second movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Four-measure phrases, with clear-cut cadences.
What is the internal structure of Section A of the second movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Rounded binary form
What occurs in Section B of the second movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
New melody is introduced. Becomes more active rhythmically. The melodic line is embellished.
What occurs in Section C of the second movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
New key: C-
Imitative dialogue between the outer parts
Repeated sixteenth-note figure in inner voices; more active, creating restless character
What occurs in the return of Section A of the second movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Return to C+
What occurs in the Coda of the second movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Grows out of Section A material, bringing the movement to a gentle close.
What occurs in the third movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Key: G+
Form: ABA (ternary)
Tempo: Allegretto
Meter: 3/4
What occurs in the Menuet of the third movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Internal structure: Rounded binary
Phrasing: 4 measures long
Forte dynamic, robust character
Dance-like quality, reinforced through rhythmic accentuation
What is the key of the Trio of the third movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
D+ (dominant)
How is contrast achieved in the Trio of the third movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Sotto voce (under the voice) indication - more lyrical character, legato lines. Subdued, gentle character, lowering the volume level as if to a whisper.
How does the Trio of the third movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart differ from its Menuet?
More chromatic inflections.
What occurs in the return of the Menuet of the third movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Return to G+.
What is the key, form, tempo, and meter of the fourth movement (Romanza) of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Key: G+
Form: Sonata-rondo
Tempo: Allegro
Meter: 2/2
What occurs in the first theme of the fourth movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Opens with a rocket theme that outlines the tonic arpeggio. Instils a spirited, light-hearted character.
What occurs in the second theme of the fourth movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Begins with a downward turn of a minor sixth. Stepwise motion. Employs some chromatic embellishments.
When was Ludwig van Beethoven born, and when did he pass away?
DOB: 1770
DOD: 1827
What did Ludwig van Beethoven embrace in his life and career?
The spirit & ideals of both the Classical and Romantic eras.
How did Ludwig van Beethoven demonstrate unfailing spirit and triumph of will?
His deafness - a devastating fate for a musician.
Which two genres did Ludwig van Beethoven merit the most respect in? How so?
Symphonies (9) Piano sonatas (32)
They were bold in their conception, challenging listeners of the day, inspiring future generations of composers.
Where was Ludwig van Beethoven born?
Bonn, Germany
Who was Ludwig van Beethoven’s grandfather, and how did he contribute to his life?
Ludwig, his grandfather, was Kapellmeister at the Electoral court. He was a source of inspiration, although he died when Beethoven was three.
Who was Ludwig van Beethoven’s father?
Johann - a singer & instrumentalist at the Electoral court. He was a harsh, severe parent who became an alcoholic.
Who did Ludwig van Beethoven receive his musical training from?
Early music training: Johann
Composition & counterpoint: Christian Neefe, court organist in Bonn.
What did Ludwig van Beethoven’s early career in Bonn consist of?
Organist and violist in court orchestras.
What event marked Ludwig van Beethoven’s life in 1787?
Travelled to Vienna, intending to study with Mozart. However, his mother’s illness compelled him to return to Bonn, after a short time.
What happened after Ludwig van Beethoven’s mother’s death?
He became head of the household, financially responsible for his brothers Kaspar and Nikolaus.
What event marked Ludwig van Beethoven’s life in 1792?
He moved to Vienna.
What helped Ludwig van Beethoven get established in Vienna?
Close relations between the courts in Bonn and Vienna.
Who did Ludwig van Beethoven briefly study with?
Haydn. He dedicated his first three piano sonatas to him.
What did Ludwig van Beethoven become known for?
His ability to improvise.
What was the link between Ludwig van Beethoven and Viennese nobility?
He attracted their patronage. He gained financial support and commissions.
Who were Ludwig van Beethoven’s influential patrons?
Prince Lobkowitz;
Prince Lichnowsky;
Count Rasumovsky.
What event marked Ludwig van Beethoven’s life in 1795?
First solo concert appearance in Vienna, followed by concerts in Prague, Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin.
How was Ludwig van Beethoven’s love life?
He had many romantic infatuations, but remained single.
What happened in Ludwig van Beethoven’s mid-twenties?
He began to lose hearing. Attempts at treatments failed.
What event marked Ludwig van Beethoven’s life in 1802?
He wrote a letter to his brothers, known today as the ‘Heiligenstadt’ Testament, in which he revealed his inner turmoil and conflict. He contemplated suicide, but rose above the crisis.
What aspect of the French Revolution did Ludwig van Beethoven believe in?
The motto - Liberte, egalite, fraternite.
Who did Ludwig van Beethoven admire, and how did this affect him?
He admired Napoleon, but great disillusioned with him. He removed Napoleon’s name from the dedication of Symphony No. 3 (“Eroica”), after Napoleon declared himself emperor.
When did Ludwig van Beethoven make his last concert appearance, and what did he perform?
In 1814. He performed “Archduke” Piano Trio, op. 97.
What event marked Ludwig van Beethoven’s life in 1820?
He gained custody of nephew Karl, after a lengthy legal battle with his sister-in-law. His brother Kaspar had died in 1815.
How did Ludwig van Beethoven spend the last years of his life?
He became totally deaf. Visitors wrote in conversation books. His fina years were in isolation, he became increasingly withdrawn and antisocial.
What event marked Ludwig van Beethoven’s life in 1826?
Karl’s suicide attempt. Beethoven fell gravely ill.
What did Ludwig van Beethoven die from? How was his funeral?
Pneumonia, on March 26, 1827. He was highly respected in Vienna, with his funeral attracting thousands of admirers.
What makes Beethoven a bold innovator and a superb musical architect? How does this show in his compositions?
Bold innovator - Highly original and influential figure.
For example…
- He replaced the graceful menuet and trio with the more dramatic scherzo (Symphony 5);
- He used cyclical structure (Symphony 5);
- He included programmatic elements (Symphony 6);
- He included chorus and soloists in the symphony (Symphony 9).
Superb musical architect - Planned and meticulously revised works in sketchbooks
How is thematic material often presented in Beethoven’s works?
It grows out of short, incisive motives.
Which Classical genres did Beethoven develop and expand?
Sonata, concerto, symphony, string quartet.
How did Beethoven create contrast within his compositions?
Explosive accents, extreme dynamic contrasts.
Which new orchestral instruments did Beethoven incorporate?
Piccolo, trombone, contrabassoon.
How did Beethoven exploit new features and improvements in the pianos of his day?
He employed the expanded range.
In how many periods is Beethoven’s typically divided? What are the dates for these periods?
Early: 1782-1802
Middle: 1803-1815
Late: 1815-1827
What is characteristic of Beethoven’s music from his early period?
He absorbed the Classical style traits inherited from Haydn and Mozart;
‘Sturm und Drang’ influence evident in his preference for minor keys (especially C-), and his use of tremolo and abrupt contrasts.
What are representative works of Beethoven’s early music?
- Six string quartets, opus 18;
- First two symphonies;
- First ten piano sonatas (opus 12-14)
What is characteristic of Beethoven’s music from his middle period?
More Romantic elements, such as increased chromaticism, abrupt and normal modulations;
Epic, heroic character.
What are representative works of Beethoven’s middle music?
- “Fidelio” (opera);
- Violin concerto;
- Symphonies 3-8;
- Piano Concerto No. 5 (“Emperor”)
What is characteristic of Beethoven’s music from his late period?
- Style became more abstract and meditative;
- Employed counterpoint more frequently, including fugal writing;
- Experimented further with form and content. For example, adding SATB soloists and chorus to the final movement of Symphony 9.
What are representative works of Beethoven’s late music?
Piano sonatas, opp. 109-111;
Missa Solemnis;
Symphony No. 9 (“Choral”)
What genres did Ludwig van Beethoven compose, and what titles can be given as examples for each of these?
Symphonies (9): “Eroica” (No. 3), “Pastoral” (No. 6), “Choral” (No. 9);
Concertos: 5 for piano, including “Emperor” (No. 5), 1 for violin. Triple concerto for piano, violin, and cello;
Orchestral: Overtures, including ‘Egmont’ and ‘Leonara’;
Chamber: Large variety, including string quartets (18), sonatas for violin and piano (10), piano trios - including “˝host” and “Archduke”;
Piano: Sonatas (32), including “Pathetique”, “Moonlight”, “Waldstein”, “Appassionata”, “Tempest”, “Hammerklavier”. Many sets of variations and smaller-scale works, such as “Fur Elise”;
Vocal: “Fidelio” (opera), “ˇhe Mount of Olives” (Oratorio), “Missa solemnis” (mass), “An die ferne Geliebte” (To the Distant Beloved) (song cycle)
What is the structure of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Cyclical - the famous four-note motive (three shorts, one long) reappears in various guises in each movement.
What is the genre, composition date, and performing force of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Genre: Symphony
Composition date: 1807-1808 (Middle Period)
Performing forces: Symphony orchestra (strings, piccolo, flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, contrabassoon, trumpets, French horns, trombones, timpani)
What is the key, form, tempo, and meter of the first movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Key: C-
Form: Sonata
Tempo: Allegro con brio
Meter: 2/4
What occurs in the first theme of the exposition of the first movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
The four-note motive (3 short, 1 long rhythm) is stated in unison by clarinets and strings; the descending third is repeated sequentially a step lower.
Fermatas arrest the forward drive of the theme, generating tension and a restless character.
The first theme grows out of this initial statement, repeated sequentially in a series of descending statements.
What occurs in the bridge of the exposition of the first movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Growing out of the first theme, it is played fortissimo by the French horns.
Unusually short, it modulates abruptly to the new key.
What occurs in the second theme of the exposition of the first movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
New key: E flat major (the relative major)
Played by woodwinds and first violins.
Piano and legato phrases create contrast.
The rhythm of the four-note motive (3 shorts, 1 long rhythm) in the cellos and bases provides a persistent background to this (more) lyrical first theme.
What occurs in the codetta of the exposition of the first movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
First-theme material dominates, punctuating the close of the exposition with decisive authentic cadences.
What occurs in the development of the first movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Opens boldly with the French horns.
Draws principally on the first theme.
Tension is generated by the use of several techniques, including…
- Manipulation and breaking down of the four-note figure;
- Filling-in of the interval of a third;
- Expansion of the passage through forceful repetition.
Abrupt dynamic contrasts contribute to the dramatic energy;
At the end of the development, tension builds through repetitions of the basic theme, played fortissimo by the full orhcestra in unison.
What occurs in the recapitulation of the first movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
First theme returns, followed by a short, melancholy oboe solo played freely, in an improvisatory manner;
Bridge follows, altered to stay in the tonic key;
Second theme returns surprisingly in the key of C+, not C- as expected;
Codetta is also in C+, followed by a lengthy coda;
Coda restores C-, while it continues to fragment and expand on the first theme, much like a development section.
What is the key, form, tempo, and meter of the second movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Key: A flat major
Form: Two themes, with variations
Tempo: Andante con moto
Meter: 3/8
What occurs in the first theme of the second movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Grows out of an ascending broken tonic triad in the low strings;
Characterized by elegant dotted rhythms;
Marked dolce, played legato.
What occurs in the second theme of the second movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Woodwinds and violins present this new theme (based on the 3 shorts, 1 long rhythm) marked dolce and legato;
Begins in A flat major, but shifts boldly to C+ in m. 32, featuring brass instruments playing fortissimo.
What occurs in the four variations in the second movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Variation 1: First theme in smooth, running sixteenth notes (violas, cellos). Second theme follows, unchanged.
Variation 2: First theme returns in running thirty-second notes (low strings)
Variation 3: First theme in contrary motion (woodwinds).
Suddenly, without preparation, second theme recurs in C+.
Variation 4: First theme is played in A flat minor (parallel minor key) in a clipped, march-like fashion.
What occurs in the coda of the second movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Marked piu mosso, the bassoons begin, playing first-theme material.
What is the key, form, tempo, and meter of the third movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Key: C-
Form: ABA (ternary) - Scherzo and trio replaces the traditional menuet and trio
Tempo: Allegro
Meter: 3/4
What occurs in the scherzo (A) of the third movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
First theme: Rocket theme initiated by the low strings, played pianissimo
Second theme: Bold subsidiary theme is played forte by the French horns. Recalls the 3 shorts, 1 long rhythm of the first movement. Fermatas add to the mood of mystery and suspense.
What occurs in the trio (B) of the third movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
New key: C+ (Parallel major)
Features woodwinds and strings, with double basses taking on a leading role.
Imitative texture.
Playful, energetic character contrasts with the dark scherzo.
What occurs in the return of the scherzo (A) of the third movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
First theme is abbreviated.
Second theme returns pianissimo, played now by pizzicato strings and staccato winds.
Suspense is achieved at the end of the movement by a deceptive cadence, leading into a transitional passage.
Timpani plays 3 shorts, 1 long rhythm softly.
A blazing crescendo leads directly into the final movement, without a break.
What is the key, form, tempo, and meter of the fourth movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Key: C+ (parallel major)
Form: Sonata
Tempo: Allegro
Meter: 4/4
What occurs in the exposition of the fourth movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
First theme: Outlines the tonic chord, with trumpets playing fortissimo and adding a majestic touch.
Bridge: Features French horns, leads to G+.
Second theme: New triplet figure introduces a vigorous theme. The theme ascends in stepwise motion, echoed by descending figures. Dramatic contrasts between fortissimo and piano. Contains the 3 shorts, 1 long rhythm.
Codetta: Initiated by the woodwinds and violas, the codetta theme descends in four-note fragments.
What occurs in the development of the fourth movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
Based on second theme matrial, which is inverted, expanded, and treated imitatively between instruments.
Toward the end of the development, the scherzo theme is unexpectedly recalled, now pianissimo, played gently by woodwinds and pizzicato strings.
Extended dominant preparation on the note G leads into the recapitulation.
What occurs in the recapitulation of the fourth movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
All musical material returns, but remains in C+.
What occurs in the coda of the fourth movement of Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67, by Ludwig van Beethoven?
The piccolo stands out above the orchestra, playing rapid ascending scales.
At the Presto (m. 362), the codetta theme is played quickly, leading in to a bold and dramatic conclusion.
The final tonic chord is reiterated eight times.
