Part 2: Cell Structure and Functions

Question 1

are the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration. They have their own DNA and are involved in energy production and regulation of cellular metabolism.

Answer 1

Mitochondria

Question 2

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Answer 2

Golgi Apparatus

Question 3

(in plant cells) are the sites of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy. They contain chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for capturing light energy.

Answer 3

Chloroplasts

Question 4

a network of protein fibers (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) that provide structural support, maintain cell shape, and facilitate cell movement and division.

Answer 4

Cytoskeleton

Question 5

are cylindrical structures involved in organizing microtubules and facilitating cell division by forming spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.

Answer 5

Centrioles

Question 6

a long, whip-like structure that protrudes from a cell and enables it to move or propel itself through a fluid environment.

Answer 6

Flagellum

Question 7

contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. They are involved in processes like autophagy, where the cell digests its own components.

Answer 7

Lysosomes

Question 8

are small, membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

Answer 8

Peroxisomes

Question 9

is the jelly-like substance within the cell membrane that contains the cytosol (fluid), organelles, and various particles. It is the site of many metabolic processes.
- organelles are located
- contains water, protein, salt

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 10

a network of membranes There are two types: rough ER, which has ribosomes attached and synthesizes proteins, and smooth ER, which is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

Answer 10

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 11

are the sites of protein synthesis. They can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 11

Ribosomes

Question 12

also known as the plasma membrane, is a phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cell, providing structural support and regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It is semi-permeable, allowing selective exchange of materials.

Answer 12

Cell Membrane

Question 13

membrane-bound organelles found in cells, primarily in plant cells, that serve various functions such as storing nutrients, waste products, and maintaining turgor pressure to support the cell’s structure.

Answer 13

Vacoules

Question 14

the control center of the cell, containing most of the cell’s genetic material (DNA). It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and contains the nucleolus, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized.

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

(in plant cells) is a rigid outer layer that provides additional support and protection. It is primarily composed of cellulose.

Answer 15

Cell Wall