Part 2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidney and Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

How much does each kidney weigh?

A

150 grams

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2
Q

When standing the kidneys are located at what vertebral levels?

A

L1-L4

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3
Q

What is the space behind the peritoneum called?

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

What three structures are in the medulla?

A
  1. renal pyramids
  2. major calyces
  3. minor calyces
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5
Q
  1. The medulla consists of how many renal pyramids?

2. Base is at the ____ while the tip is called the ___.

A
  1. 8 to 10

2. cortical medullary border, papilla

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6
Q

(3) contract to propel urine to the bladder

A

calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter

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7
Q

Kidney innervation via ____?

A

T12

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8
Q

___ innervation reaches to individual nephrons

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

Sympathetic innervation stimulates _____ which causes(2)

A

signals for constriction of arterioles, decreases flow of fluids and urine output

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10
Q

Sympathetic innervation can also signal kidneys to (2)

A
  1. increase sodium reabsorption

2. increase renin release

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11
Q
  1. % of cardiac output (____)
  2. ___ blood flow
  3. # capillary beds separated by ___
  4. list them
A
  1. 22%, (1100ml/min)
  2. unique
  3. 2, efferent arterioles
  4. glomerular and peritubular capillaries
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12
Q

Glomerular capillaries -

  1. ___ hydrostatic pressure (___ mmHg)
  2. causes ___
A
  1. High, 60

2. rapid fluid filtration

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13
Q

Peritubular capillaries -

  1. ___ hydrostatic pressure (___ mmHg)
  2. allows for ___
A
  1. lower, 13

2. rapid fluid reabsorption

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14
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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15
Q

Each kidney has about # nephrons

A

800,000 to 1,000,000

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16
Q

What are the 2 different nephron structures/areas?

A
  1. Cortical nephron

2. juxtamedullary nephron

17
Q

What are two unique characteristics about juxtamedullary nephron?

A
  1. significantly longer Loop of Henle

2. penetrates deeper into medulla

18
Q

Kidney cannot regulate ___

A

new nephrons

19
Q
  1. After about 40 yo there is a ___ in the number of functional nephrons
  2. % every # years
  3. our bodies ___ and we maintain ___
A
  1. decrease
  2. 10% every 10 years
  3. adapt, homeostasis
20
Q
  1. ___ are encased in the ___
  2. fluid filtered from the ___
  3. list the 7 steps to get through the kidneys
A
  1. glomerular capillaries, Bowman’s capsule
  2. glomerular capillaries
  3. Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, connecting tubule, collecting duct, renal pelvis
21
Q

Cortical Nephron -

  1. ___ loops of henle
  2. only barely penetrate into the ___
  3. % of the nephrons
  4. surrounded by ___ called ___
A
  1. short
  2. medulla
  3. 70-80%
  4. specialized peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
22
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron -

  1. ___ loops of henle
  2. penetrates deep into the ___
  3. % of nephrons
  4. surrounded by ___ called ___
A
  1. long
  2. medulla
  3. 20-30%
  4. specialized peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
23
Q
  1. Urinary bladder is made up of what type of muscle with # main parts
  2. List them
A
  1. smooth, 2

2. body and neck

24
Q
  1. ___ of the urinary bladder is primary part of the bladder where urine collects
  2. ___ passes __ and __ from the body, attaches to the ___
A
  1. body

2. neck, inferior and anterior, urethra

25
Urinary bladder - 1. ___ muscle 2. fibers are ___ 3. low resistance to ___ between muscle cells, ___ spreads quickly, what happens? 4. contraction - increases pressure by # mmHg 5. major step in ___
1. detrusor 2. intertwined 3. electrical impulse, action potential, whole bladder contracts at once 4. 40-60 5. emptying the bladder
26
1. Urinary bladder has a structure called the ___ 2. on the ___ wall of the bladder 3. ureters enter the bladder at the ___ 4. surface is made of ___ mucosa 5. contrast to the ____ of the rest of the bladder mucosa
1. trigone 2. posterior 3. upper trigone 4. smooth 5. folded rugae
27
Ureters - 1. obliquely enters the bladder through the ___ 2. penetrates 1-2cm through the (2) 3. the tone of the detrusor muscle shuts down the ___, prevents ___
1. detrusor muscle 2. detrusor and the mucosa 3. ureters, backflow of urine
28
Bladder Neck - 1. location 2. composed of (2) 3. muscle here is the ___ 4. What does this muscle do?
1. posterior urethra 2. detrusor muscle and elastic tissue 3. internal sphincter 4. prevents emptying the bladder until the pressure rises above the critical threshold
29
1. Urethra passes through the ___ 2. External sphincter muscle is made of ___ muscle 3. under ___ control 4. can consciously contract to prevent ___
1. urogenital diaphragm 2. smooth 3. voluntary 4. urination
30
What is the innervation of the urinary bladder (3)?
Pudendal nerve, sympathetic innervation, pelvic nerves
31
Pudendal nerve has ___ nerve fibers and innervates the ___
somatic, external bladder sphincter
32
Sympathetic innervation - 1. through the ___ nerves (___) 2. stimulates ___
1. hypogastric, L2 | 2. blood supply to the bladder
33
Pelvic Nerves - 1. through the ___ 2. ___ cord segments
1. sacral plexus | 2. S2, S3
34
Sensory and Motor Nerve Fibers - 1. Sensory fibers detect ___ of the bladder wall 2. ___ fibers innervate the detrusor muscle
1. stretch | 2. parasympathetic motor
35
List the five steps of urine flow
1. nephron 2. collecting ducts 3. renal calyces 4. ureters 5. bladder
36
Flow from collecting ducts to renal calyces - 1. causes ___ 2. occurs in the (2) 3. forces urine from the ___ to the ___
1. peristaltic contractions 2. renal pelvis and ureters 3. kidneys to the bladder
37
Ureters - 1. innervated by (2) nerves 2. ___ muscle causes ___ of the ureters 3. Increased due to ____ stimulation 4. decreased due to ___ stimulation
1. sympathetic and parasympathetic 2. smooth visceral, contraction 3. parasympathetic 4. sympathetic
38
Ureterorenal Reflex - 1. Ureters contain a lot of ___ fibers 2. if there is severe pain (kidney stone) ___ occurs, ___ reflex occurs back to the ___ 3. Which causes constriction of the ____, in turn ___ flow of fluid into the kidney with a blocked ureter
1. pain 2. reflex constriction, sympathetic, kidney 3. renal arterioles, decreases