Part 2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidney and Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

How much does each kidney weigh?

A

150 grams

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2
Q

When standing the kidneys are located at what vertebral levels?

A

L1-L4

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3
Q

What is the space behind the peritoneum called?

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

What three structures are in the medulla?

A
  1. renal pyramids
  2. major calyces
  3. minor calyces
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5
Q
  1. The medulla consists of how many renal pyramids?

2. Base is at the ____ while the tip is called the ___.

A
  1. 8 to 10

2. cortical medullary border, papilla

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6
Q

(3) contract to propel urine to the bladder

A

calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter

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7
Q

Kidney innervation via ____?

A

T12

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8
Q

___ innervation reaches to individual nephrons

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

Sympathetic innervation stimulates _____ which causes(2)

A

signals for constriction of arterioles, decreases flow of fluids and urine output

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10
Q

Sympathetic innervation can also signal kidneys to (2)

A
  1. increase sodium reabsorption

2. increase renin release

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11
Q
  1. % of cardiac output (____)
  2. ___ blood flow
  3. # capillary beds separated by ___
  4. list them
A
  1. 22%, (1100ml/min)
  2. unique
  3. 2, efferent arterioles
  4. glomerular and peritubular capillaries
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12
Q

Glomerular capillaries -

  1. ___ hydrostatic pressure (___ mmHg)
  2. causes ___
A
  1. High, 60

2. rapid fluid filtration

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13
Q

Peritubular capillaries -

  1. ___ hydrostatic pressure (___ mmHg)
  2. allows for ___
A
  1. lower, 13

2. rapid fluid reabsorption

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14
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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15
Q

Each kidney has about # nephrons

A

800,000 to 1,000,000

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16
Q

What are the 2 different nephron structures/areas?

A
  1. Cortical nephron

2. juxtamedullary nephron

17
Q

What are two unique characteristics about juxtamedullary nephron?

A
  1. significantly longer Loop of Henle

2. penetrates deeper into medulla

18
Q

Kidney cannot regulate ___

A

new nephrons

19
Q
  1. After about 40 yo there is a ___ in the number of functional nephrons
  2. % every # years
  3. our bodies ___ and we maintain ___
A
  1. decrease
  2. 10% every 10 years
  3. adapt, homeostasis
20
Q
  1. ___ are encased in the ___
  2. fluid filtered from the ___
  3. list the 7 steps to get through the kidneys
A
  1. glomerular capillaries, Bowman’s capsule
  2. glomerular capillaries
  3. Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, connecting tubule, collecting duct, renal pelvis
21
Q

Cortical Nephron -

  1. ___ loops of henle
  2. only barely penetrate into the ___
  3. % of the nephrons
  4. surrounded by ___ called ___
A
  1. short
  2. medulla
  3. 70-80%
  4. specialized peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
22
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron -

  1. ___ loops of henle
  2. penetrates deep into the ___
  3. % of nephrons
  4. surrounded by ___ called ___
A
  1. long
  2. medulla
  3. 20-30%
  4. specialized peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
23
Q
  1. Urinary bladder is made up of what type of muscle with # main parts
  2. List them
A
  1. smooth, 2

2. body and neck

24
Q
  1. ___ of the urinary bladder is primary part of the bladder where urine collects
  2. ___ passes __ and __ from the body, attaches to the ___
A
  1. body

2. neck, inferior and anterior, urethra

25
Q

Urinary bladder -

  1. ___ muscle
  2. fibers are ___
  3. low resistance to ___ between muscle cells, ___ spreads quickly, what happens?
  4. contraction - increases pressure by # mmHg
  5. major step in ___
A
  1. detrusor
  2. intertwined
  3. electrical impulse, action potential, whole bladder contracts at once
  4. 40-60
  5. emptying the bladder
26
Q
  1. Urinary bladder has a structure called the ___
  2. on the ___ wall of the bladder
  3. ureters enter the bladder at the ___
  4. surface is made of ___ mucosa
  5. contrast to the ____ of the rest of the bladder mucosa
A
  1. trigone
  2. posterior
  3. upper trigone
  4. smooth
  5. folded rugae
27
Q

Ureters -

  1. obliquely enters the bladder through the ___
  2. penetrates 1-2cm through the (2)
  3. the tone of the detrusor muscle shuts down the ___, prevents ___
A
  1. detrusor muscle
  2. detrusor and the mucosa
  3. ureters, backflow of urine
28
Q

Bladder Neck -

  1. location
  2. composed of (2)
  3. muscle here is the ___
  4. What does this muscle do?
A
  1. posterior urethra
  2. detrusor muscle and elastic tissue
  3. internal sphincter
  4. prevents emptying the bladder until the pressure rises above the critical threshold
29
Q
  1. Urethra passes through the ___
  2. External sphincter muscle is made of ___ muscle
  3. under ___ control
  4. can consciously contract to prevent ___
A
  1. urogenital diaphragm
  2. smooth
  3. voluntary
  4. urination
30
Q

What is the innervation of the urinary bladder (3)?

A

Pudendal nerve, sympathetic innervation, pelvic nerves

31
Q

Pudendal nerve has ___ nerve fibers and innervates the ___

A

somatic, external bladder sphincter

32
Q

Sympathetic innervation -

  1. through the ___ nerves (___)
  2. stimulates ___
A
  1. hypogastric, L2

2. blood supply to the bladder

33
Q

Pelvic Nerves -

  1. through the ___
  2. ___ cord segments
A
  1. sacral plexus

2. S2, S3

34
Q

Sensory and Motor Nerve Fibers -

  1. Sensory fibers detect ___ of the bladder wall
  2. ___ fibers innervate the detrusor muscle
A
  1. stretch

2. parasympathetic motor

35
Q

List the five steps of urine flow

A
  1. nephron
  2. collecting ducts
  3. renal calyces
  4. ureters
  5. bladder
36
Q

Flow from collecting ducts to renal calyces -

  1. causes ___
  2. occurs in the (2)
  3. forces urine from the ___ to the ___
A
  1. peristaltic contractions
  2. renal pelvis and ureters
  3. kidneys to the bladder
37
Q

Ureters -

  1. innervated by (2) nerves
  2. ___ muscle causes ___ of the ureters
  3. Increased due to ____ stimulation
  4. decreased due to ___ stimulation
A
  1. sympathetic and parasympathetic
  2. smooth visceral, contraction
  3. parasympathetic
  4. sympathetic
38
Q

Ureterorenal Reflex -

  1. Ureters contain a lot of ___ fibers
  2. if there is severe pain (kidney stone) ___ occurs, ___ reflex occurs back to the ___
  3. Which causes constriction of the ____, in turn ___ flow of fluid into the kidney with a blocked ureter
A
  1. pain
  2. reflex constriction, sympathetic, kidney
  3. renal arterioles, decreases