Part 2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidney and Bladder Flashcards
How much does each kidney weigh?
150 grams
When standing the kidneys are located at what vertebral levels?
L1-L4
What is the space behind the peritoneum called?
Retroperitoneal
What three structures are in the medulla?
- renal pyramids
- major calyces
- minor calyces
- The medulla consists of how many renal pyramids?
2. Base is at the ____ while the tip is called the ___.
- 8 to 10
2. cortical medullary border, papilla
(3) contract to propel urine to the bladder
calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter
Kidney innervation via ____?
T12
___ innervation reaches to individual nephrons
sympathetic
Sympathetic innervation stimulates _____ which causes(2)
signals for constriction of arterioles, decreases flow of fluids and urine output
Sympathetic innervation can also signal kidneys to (2)
- increase sodium reabsorption
2. increase renin release
- % of cardiac output (____)
- ___ blood flow
- # capillary beds separated by ___
- list them
- 22%, (1100ml/min)
- unique
- 2, efferent arterioles
- glomerular and peritubular capillaries
Glomerular capillaries -
- ___ hydrostatic pressure (___ mmHg)
- causes ___
- High, 60
2. rapid fluid filtration
Peritubular capillaries -
- ___ hydrostatic pressure (___ mmHg)
- allows for ___
- lower, 13
2. rapid fluid reabsorption
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Each kidney has about # nephrons
800,000 to 1,000,000
What are the 2 different nephron structures/areas?
- Cortical nephron
2. juxtamedullary nephron
What are two unique characteristics about juxtamedullary nephron?
- significantly longer Loop of Henle
2. penetrates deeper into medulla
Kidney cannot regulate ___
new nephrons
- After about 40 yo there is a ___ in the number of functional nephrons
- % every # years
- our bodies ___ and we maintain ___
- decrease
- 10% every 10 years
- adapt, homeostasis
- ___ are encased in the ___
- fluid filtered from the ___
- list the 7 steps to get through the kidneys
- glomerular capillaries, Bowman’s capsule
- glomerular capillaries
- Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, connecting tubule, collecting duct, renal pelvis
Cortical Nephron -
- ___ loops of henle
- only barely penetrate into the ___
- % of the nephrons
- surrounded by ___ called ___
- short
- medulla
- 70-80%
- specialized peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
Juxtamedullary Nephron -
- ___ loops of henle
- penetrates deep into the ___
- % of nephrons
- surrounded by ___ called ___
- long
- medulla
- 20-30%
- specialized peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
- Urinary bladder is made up of what type of muscle with # main parts
- List them
- smooth, 2
2. body and neck
- ___ of the urinary bladder is primary part of the bladder where urine collects
- ___ passes __ and __ from the body, attaches to the ___
- body
2. neck, inferior and anterior, urethra
Urinary bladder -
- ___ muscle
- fibers are ___
- low resistance to ___ between muscle cells, ___ spreads quickly, what happens?
- contraction - increases pressure by # mmHg
- major step in ___
- detrusor
- intertwined
- electrical impulse, action potential, whole bladder contracts at once
- 40-60
- emptying the bladder
- Urinary bladder has a structure called the ___
- on the ___ wall of the bladder
- ureters enter the bladder at the ___
- surface is made of ___ mucosa
- contrast to the ____ of the rest of the bladder mucosa
- trigone
- posterior
- upper trigone
- smooth
- folded rugae
Ureters -
- obliquely enters the bladder through the ___
- penetrates 1-2cm through the (2)
- the tone of the detrusor muscle shuts down the ___, prevents ___
- detrusor muscle
- detrusor and the mucosa
- ureters, backflow of urine
Bladder Neck -
- location
- composed of (2)
- muscle here is the ___
- What does this muscle do?
- posterior urethra
- detrusor muscle and elastic tissue
- internal sphincter
- prevents emptying the bladder until the pressure rises above the critical threshold
- Urethra passes through the ___
- External sphincter muscle is made of ___ muscle
- under ___ control
- can consciously contract to prevent ___
- urogenital diaphragm
- smooth
- voluntary
- urination
What is the innervation of the urinary bladder (3)?
Pudendal nerve, sympathetic innervation, pelvic nerves
Pudendal nerve has ___ nerve fibers and innervates the ___
somatic, external bladder sphincter
Sympathetic innervation -
- through the ___ nerves (___)
- stimulates ___
- hypogastric, L2
2. blood supply to the bladder
Pelvic Nerves -
- through the ___
- ___ cord segments
- sacral plexus
2. S2, S3
Sensory and Motor Nerve Fibers -
- Sensory fibers detect ___ of the bladder wall
- ___ fibers innervate the detrusor muscle
- stretch
2. parasympathetic motor
List the five steps of urine flow
- nephron
- collecting ducts
- renal calyces
- ureters
- bladder
Flow from collecting ducts to renal calyces -
- causes ___
- occurs in the (2)
- forces urine from the ___ to the ___
- peristaltic contractions
- renal pelvis and ureters
- kidneys to the bladder
Ureters -
- innervated by (2) nerves
- ___ muscle causes ___ of the ureters
- Increased due to ____ stimulation
- decreased due to ___ stimulation
- sympathetic and parasympathetic
- smooth visceral, contraction
- parasympathetic
- sympathetic
Ureterorenal Reflex -
- Ureters contain a lot of ___ fibers
- if there is severe pain (kidney stone) ___ occurs, ___ reflex occurs back to the ___
- Which causes constriction of the ____, in turn ___ flow of fluid into the kidney with a blocked ureter
- pain
- reflex constriction, sympathetic, kidney
- renal arterioles, decreases