Part 2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidney and Bladder Flashcards
How much does each kidney weigh?
150 grams
When standing the kidneys are located at what vertebral levels?
L1-L4
What is the space behind the peritoneum called?
Retroperitoneal
What three structures are in the medulla?
- renal pyramids
- major calyces
- minor calyces
- The medulla consists of how many renal pyramids?
2. Base is at the ____ while the tip is called the ___.
- 8 to 10
2. cortical medullary border, papilla
(3) contract to propel urine to the bladder
calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter
Kidney innervation via ____?
T12
___ innervation reaches to individual nephrons
sympathetic
Sympathetic innervation stimulates _____ which causes(2)
signals for constriction of arterioles, decreases flow of fluids and urine output
Sympathetic innervation can also signal kidneys to (2)
- increase sodium reabsorption
2. increase renin release
- % of cardiac output (____)
- ___ blood flow
- # capillary beds separated by ___
- list them
- 22%, (1100ml/min)
- unique
- 2, efferent arterioles
- glomerular and peritubular capillaries
Glomerular capillaries -
- ___ hydrostatic pressure (___ mmHg)
- causes ___
- High, 60
2. rapid fluid filtration
Peritubular capillaries -
- ___ hydrostatic pressure (___ mmHg)
- allows for ___
- lower, 13
2. rapid fluid reabsorption
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Each kidney has about # nephrons
800,000 to 1,000,000
What are the 2 different nephron structures/areas?
- Cortical nephron
2. juxtamedullary nephron
What are two unique characteristics about juxtamedullary nephron?
- significantly longer Loop of Henle
2. penetrates deeper into medulla
Kidney cannot regulate ___
new nephrons
- After about 40 yo there is a ___ in the number of functional nephrons
- % every # years
- our bodies ___ and we maintain ___
- decrease
- 10% every 10 years
- adapt, homeostasis
- ___ are encased in the ___
- fluid filtered from the ___
- list the 7 steps to get through the kidneys
- glomerular capillaries, Bowman’s capsule
- glomerular capillaries
- Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, connecting tubule, collecting duct, renal pelvis
Cortical Nephron -
- ___ loops of henle
- only barely penetrate into the ___
- % of the nephrons
- surrounded by ___ called ___
- short
- medulla
- 70-80%
- specialized peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
Juxtamedullary Nephron -
- ___ loops of henle
- penetrates deep into the ___
- % of nephrons
- surrounded by ___ called ___
- long
- medulla
- 20-30%
- specialized peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
- Urinary bladder is made up of what type of muscle with # main parts
- List them
- smooth, 2
2. body and neck
- ___ of the urinary bladder is primary part of the bladder where urine collects
- ___ passes __ and __ from the body, attaches to the ___
- body
2. neck, inferior and anterior, urethra