PART 2-A: CITATION - RULES 6-10

Question 1

Where do we place citations to authorities that support a proposition?

Answer 1

Citations to authorities that support a proposition made in the main text are placed in footnotes. (Rule 6.1.)

Question 2

Where do we place the footnote number in the body-text? Is this absolute?

Answer 2

A superscripted footnote number comes after any punctuation mark except a dash. (Rule 6.2.)

Question 3

When do we place the footnote number within a sentence (ie. not directly after a punctuation mark)?

Answer 3

A footnote number should appear within the sentence next to the phrase the cited authority supports or contradicts if the authority supports or contradicts only that part of the sentence. (Rule 6.3.)

Question 4

If an authority supports or contradicts the entire sentence, what must be done?

Answer 4

A footnote number should appear at the end of a sentence (i.e., after the punctuation) if the cited authority supports or contradicts the entire sentence. (Rule 6.4.)

Question 5

May a footnote contain sentences?

Answer 5

Yes.

In addition to citation to authorities, a footnote may include textual sentences that are related to the main text to which the footnote is appended. (Rule 6.5.)

Question 6

What is the rule when the footnote itself contains a statement requiring support or contradiction?

Answer 6

If a footnote itself contains a statement requiring support or contradiction, a citation to the relevant authority should appear directly after the statement as either a citation sentence or a citation clause. There are no actual footnotes within a footnote. Note that the said authorities are not enclosed in parentheses. (Rule 6.6.)

Question 7

What is the rule for authorities that support or contradict an entire footnote sentence?

Answer 7

Authorities that support or contradict an entire footnote sentence are cited in a separate citation sentence immediately after the supported or contradicted sentence. The citation sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period. (Rule 6.7.)

See Carpio-Morales citation.

Question 8

What is the rule when only a part of the footnote sentence requires a citation?

Answer 8

Authorities that support or contradict only a part of a sentence within a footnote are cited in clauses which are set off by commas. These clauses immediately follow the part that they support or contradict. (Rule 6.8.)

See CONST. Art. VIII, §1 citation.

Question 9

What is the rule when: (1) the footnote serves primarily to back up a fact or argument asserted in the main text; and (2) when its purpose is merely to supplement or clarify the discussion in the main text?

Answer 9

If the footnote serves primarily to back up a fact or argument asserted in the main text, place the source before the quoted citation sentence to avoid confusion. However, if the primary purpose of the footnote is to supplement or clarify the discussion made in the main text, then the discussion or citation may be placed before the source. (Rule 6.9.)

Question 10

When we cite a specific page in a footnote, do we use “p.”?

Answer 10

No.

When citing a page, do not use “p.”. Simply indicate the page number immediately after the reference. (Rule 7.1.)

Note: the page number is preceded and followed by a space; there is also no comma before (or after) it. The absence of comma is not an absolute rule (see Rule 7.2.)

Question 11

Is the page number preceded by a comma?

Answer 11

As a general rule, the page number cited is not preced by a comma or any signal/symbol. However, as an exception, it shall be preceded by a comma and the word “at” when it is necessary to avoid confusion.

When necessary to avoid confusion or to indicate a page number, the reference is preceded by a comma and then the word “at”. Note that “at” precedes only page references; never footnote, section, or paragraph references. (Rule 7.2.)

Question 12

What is the rule when citing multiple consecutive pages from a source?

Answer 12

When citing multiple page, section, paragraph or footnote references—but not article, chapter, and similar references—use commas to separate each reference. Articles (as used in a book, not as used in statutes) and chapters need not be referenced. When citing consecutive ones, use a dash and omit all but the last two digits, unless this would be confusing. (Rule 7.3.)

Question 13

How do we write references to articles, chapters, or titles in statutes?

Answer 13

For articles, chapters, or titles, precede the references with “art.,” “ch.,” or “tit.,” respectively. Use the designations in the source. Refer to Table 8 for selected common abbreviations of statutory resources. (Rule 7.4.)

Note, it is not capitalized

Question 14

How do we cite statuts with several subdivisions (ie. those with multiple titles, chapters, or subdivisions such as the Revised Administrative Code, Labor Code, etc.)?

Answer 14

For statutes with several subdivisions, it is not necessary to include the title, chapter, or subdivision in the citation, as long as the specific article or section is correctly identified. Include reference to the subdivision only when necessary to avoid confusion. (Rule 7.6.)

Question 15

How do we cite a Whereas clause?

Answer 15

Cite using “pmbl. ¶” since a “Whereas” clause is preambular in character.

Note, that for a law with only one preambule such as the constitution, it might not be necessary to include “¶” since it would only be superfluous.

Always preface preambular clauses with “pmbl.” “Whereas” clauses are preambular in character. (Rule 7.7.)

Question 16

How do we cite sections? What if it has subsections?

Answer 16

For sections, precede the references with the section symbol (§) followed by a space. Use parentheses to refer to specific subsections, if necessary, following the designations in the source. There shall be no space between the section number and the subsequent subsections. note that the section symbol is never preceded by “at”, unlike page references. (Rule 7.8.)

Question 17

How do we cite multiple sections in one law?

Answer 17

When referring to multiple sections, use two section (§§) symbols, then use commas. Use dashes for consecutive sections. (Rule 7.9.)

Use en dash to indicate range –

Note: use of en dash for consecutive sections. Note further that there is no space since it is a footnote. However, en dash is preceded and followed by a space when used in the body-text.

Question 18

What is the rule when we cite multiple subsections for the same section of hte law?

Answer 18

When referring to multiple subsections in the same section, use a dash but enclose each subsection reference in parentheses. (Rule 7.10.)

Note en dash, no space since footnote. The parenthesis indicates that it is a subsection.

Question 19

How do we cite multiple subsections within a section?

Answer 19

Apply Rule 7.8. analogously when there are multiple subsections within a section. (Rule 7.11.)

Use commas to separate each subsection, use an en dash to cite consecutive subsections. If the subsection falls in the subsection, no need to set off a comma. But if it is an entirely separate subsection, use. a comma.

Question 20

When do we use the connector “to”?

Answer 20

While the general rule is we use the en dahs symbol “–” to indicate a range, an exception is the use of the connector “to.” The connector is used to avoid confusion.

When dashes would be confusing because the source designates hyphenated subsections, use the connector “to” instead. (Rule 7.12.)

Sections 1 dash 2, to 1 dash 5.

Question 21

How do we cite a specific paragraph?

Answer 21

Apply the same rules for paragraphs, using the paragraph (¶) symbol. The paragraph symbol is likewise never preceded by “at”, unlike page references. This rule alsso applies to “Whereas” and preambular clauses. (Rule 7.13.)

paragraph sybol - opt + 7

Question 22

When are paragraph references commonly used?

Answer 22

Paragraph references are commonly used for Internet sources and documents with numbered paragraphs such as International Court of Justice decisions. When helpful, add a section or paragraph reference to make a page reference or references more specific. (Rule 7.14.)

Question 23

How do we cite footnotes in another work?

Answer 23

For citing footnotes in another work, use a page reference and add “n.”, immediately followed by the footnote number without a space. Do not precede “n.” with a comma. Note that footnotes within the article itself are not using “n.”. (Rule 7.15.)

Question 24

What is the rule when we need to cite a text on a page of another work and a footnote on that page?

Answer 24

When referring to both the text on a page of another work and a footnote on that page, place an ampersand between the page and the footnote reference. (Rule 7.16.)

Question 25

How do we cite the text on a page of another work and an endnote on that page?

Answer 25

When referring to both the text on a page of another work and an endnote on that page, use an ampersand and cite the page on which the endnote is found. (Rule 7.17.)

Question 26

How do we cite multiple footnotes in another work?

Answer 26

When referring to **multiple footnotes in another work**, use the rules for sections and paragraphs (Rules 7.6 – 7.12.). However, for multiple nonconsecutive footnotes, substitute an **ampersand for the last comma**, to avoid confusion when citing footnotes on different pages. (Rule 7.18.)

Question 27

What is the rule when citing a figure or a table on a specific page?

Answer 27

When referring to specific material, add a descriptive abbreviation such as **"fig." or "tbl." after the page or other reference**. If this appears confusing, use a *parenthetical remark*. (Rule 7.19.)

Question 28

In the body-text, how do we write articles or sections in statutes which refer to a particular portion?

Answer 28

**Do not use section and paragraph symbols in the body text**, unless what is cited customarily uses the said symbols (e.g., the United States Code). The words **"article," "section" and the like are capitalized and spelled out** in the body text when referring to a particular portion. (Rule 7.20.)

Question 29

What is a strong signal?

Answer 29

**Strong Signal:** A source cited in a footnote but **not preceded by a signal** must **identify** the source of a quotation or cited authority, or **direcly support** the proposition of the text. (Rule 8.1.)

Question 30

What is a moderate signal?

Answer 30

**Moderate Signal**: A source preceded by "*See*" **supports a proposition less directly**, but clearly does so, either by inference or by drawing a parallel. It may also **present a source that contains a broader discussion** than what is stated in the proposition (Rule 8.2.)

Question 31

What does "See e.g." or "See, generally" mean?

Answer 31

"*See, e.g.,*" presents an example or examples that support the proposition. "*See, generally,*" presents a general reference for the proposition (Rule 8.3.)

Question 32

When the source presents a contradictory position, how do we cite it?

Answer 32

"*But see*" presents a source that contradicts the proposition (Rule 8.4.)

Question 33

What is a weak signal?

Answer 33

**Weak Signal**: "*See also*" indicates a source that indirectly supports the proposition, discusses material that in turn supports the proposition, or precedes additional supporting material (Rule 8.5.)

Question 34

What are the different signals that we can use in the PLJ?

Answer 34

Limit use of signals to these simple, readily understood ones (**See; See, e.g.; See, generally; But see"; "See also"**). Avoid use, for example, of "*c.f.*", which has been criticized as vague. Limit the use of parenthetical explanations of more tangential sources. (Rule 8.6.)

Question 35

How do we use semicolons in the footnotes?

Answer 35

Use semicolons and periods in "**citation sentences**" as one would in an ordinary sentence. Semicolons connect related sources in such a sentence. (Rule 8.7.)

Question 36

How do you connect sources in the same citation sentence?

Answer 36

To **connect sources** in the same "citation sentence" with descriptive phrases such as "*citing*," "*cited by*," "*quoting*," "*quoted by*," "*reversing*," "*reversed by*," "*partially reversing*," "*partially reversed by*," "*amending*," "*amended by*," "*repealing*," "*repealed by*," and the like, **place a comma after the first source**, followed by the **descriptive phrase and the second source**. *Use periods and/or semicolons to avoid confusion when using a number of sources and phrases in the same footnote*. When preceded by "*Id*." place a comma after "*Id*." and before the descriptive phrase: "*Id*., < *descriptive phrase* >" (Rule 8.8.)

Question 37

How do you write citation sentences which compare sources?

Answer 37

Finally, one may connect sources with "*Compare ..., with*" and "*Compare ..., with... and*". Use periods and/or semicolons to avoid confusion when using a number of sources and phraes in the footnote (Rule 8.9.)

Question 38

What is the typeface for signals?

Answer 38

**Italicize *all* signals.** Omit the distinction in the Philippine Manual of Legal Citations between primary and secondary sources. (Rule 8.10.)

Question 39

When do we use "Id." and when do we use "Id. at"?

Answer 39

Use "*id.*" when refering to the **immediately preceding source *in the same foonote***, or to the **immediately preceding source in the *immediately preceding footnote* if the *footnote cites only one source***. Use "*id.*" by itself to refer to the same specific point referred to in the preceding citation; use "at" to refer to another page and a comma to refer to another section or paragraph. **Note that "id." may be used to refer to decisions, but *not* to constitutions and statutes** (Rule 9.1.)

Question 40

When do we "supra" and when do we use "supra note"?

Answer 40

Use "< abbreviated name >, supra," to refer to a **previous source cited in the same footnote**, and "< abbreviated name >, supra note < number >," to refer to a **source cited in a previous footnote**, or to a source in the **immediately preceding footnote if it cites more than one source**. **Note that "supra" is never used to refer to constitutions, statutes, or decisions** (Rule 9.2.).

Question 41

Can we use "supra" for Supreme Court decisions?

Answer 41

NO! **"supra" is never used to refer to constitutions, statutes, or decisions** (Rule 9.2.).

Question 42

Can we use Latin words such as "Ibid" "op. cit."?

Answer 42

No. Do not use other Latin words such as "*ibid.*" and "*op. cit.*" (Rule 9.3.)

Question 43

What is the only instance that we use "p." or "pp." in our citations?

Answer 43

**To refer to preceding pages**, use "See supra pp. < page numbers >". This is the only instance in which "p." or "pp." is used to indicate page numbers. (Rule 10.1.) *Example* *See supra* pp. 10–13. | Note that en dash has no space in footnotes

Question 44

How do we refer to preceding footnotes?

Answer 44

To refer to preceding footnotes, use "See supra notes < numbers >" (Rule 10.2.) *Example* *See supra* notes 12–15 and accompanying text. *See supra* text accompanying notes 20–21.

Question 45

How do you refer to preceding texts?

Answer 45

To **refer to preceding text**, use "*See supra* Part < number/s >" (Ruele 10.3.) *Example* *See supra* Part I.A.

Question 46

How do we refer to succeeding pages, footnotes, or sections?

Answer 46

Use "*infra*" similarly to refer to succeeding pages, footnotes, or sections. (Rule 10.4.)