PART 1: STYLE - RULES 1-5 Flashcards

Question

What is the rule when there are two authors?

Answer 1

When there are two authors, cite them using an **ampersand (&)**. (Rule 2.2.) Example: Mark Dennis Joven & William Varias Note: no comma is needed when there are only two authors.

Answer 2

Either: (1) cite the name of the first author and **add "et al."** OR (2) **list all** the author's names. When there are more than two authors, either cite the name of the first author and add "et al." or list all the author's names. When there is a **need to save space**, the former is more preferred. Include all author's names when doing so is **particularly relevant**. When listing all the names, separate the names with **commas**, but use an **ampersand to set off the last name**. Note the period in "et al."; a comma does not precede this phrase. (Rule 2.3.)

Answer 3

Et al. is used when there are **more than two authors** and there is a **need to save space**. When using et al., it must be important to note the location of the period -- "et al." and that a comma does not precede the phrase. (Rule 2.3.)

Answer 4

For **proper nouns** (e.g juridical persons, businesses, government agencies, and organizations), use the **full name**, but apply the abbreviations below in the body text. *However, in the body text, never abbreviate the first word of a name*. Note that the Journal has specific rules for proper nouns in the citation of case titles (See Rule 11). Note further that the Journal abbreviates all words appearing in Table 1 when they appear in **footnoted case names**. The word "Philippine" and "Philippines" are abbreviated to "Phil." when they appear in **footnoted case names**. (Rule 2.4.)

Answer 5

State **full name in the first instance**, then proceed to using the **last name in subsequent mentions**. Recommended to use position as well *when relevant.* When an author of any of the materials cited in the paper is mentioned in the body, state the full name in the first instance then proceed to using the last name for subsequent mentions. It is recommended that the position or title of the cited author be used as well (e.g. professor, senator, etc.), but only if relevant to the purpose of the citation. (Rule 2.5.)

Answer 6

Only when it is used in the footnote but not when it is used in the body text. Use (month) (day), (year) format. **Do not abbreviate the name of month in the body text**. However, for **footnotes, abbreviate** the names of months to the **first three letters** only, except for "June," "July," and "Sept." Refer to Table 2. (Rule 3.1.) Example in body: March 1, 2012 Example in footnotes: Mar. 1, 2012

Answer 7

Use (Month) (day), (year) format (Rule 3.1.)

Answer 8

Dates are usually placed at the **end of a citation** in **parentheses** and *often shortened to the year only*. **They are not enclosed in parentheses when necessary to identify a source**, as in letters, emails, unofficial or unpublished decisions, and treaties. (Rule 3.2.) Note: SCRA is an unofficial reporter, hence, the dates are necessary to identify the source and not enclosed in parenthesis. PRA, however, is the official case reporter. Hence, it is enclosed in parenthesis, and often reduced to the year only.

Answer 9

Rule 4. Quotations, Corrections, Omissions, and Emphases

Answer 10

**Double quotation marks** (""); should not be blocked or set off from the rest of the text (*xpn: poems or dialogues*); **quoted portions within quotation use single quotation marks** (''); footnote immediately after double quotation marks *unless placing elsewhere would be more accurate* For quotations of less than 50 words: The quotation should be enclosed in double quotation marks (" "). However, the quotation should not be blocked or set-off from the rest of the text except when the material quoted would commonly be set-off such as dialogues or poems. Quoted portions within the quotation should be enclosed only in single quotation marks (' '). If the entire quotation is quoted in itself, only one set of double quotation marks should be used. The footnote number should also follow immediately after the closing double quotation marks, unless placing it elsewhere is more accurate. (Rule 4.1.1)

Answer 11

The quotation should be **blocked**--- **indented on the LR**; **single-spaced**; and **without double quotation marks**. punctuations marks and quotations marks within the block quote should **appear as they do in the original**. Footnote citation number should follow immediately after the final punctuation of the quotation. Generally, the font size for the blocked quotation should be **one unit less** than that for the body text. (Rule 4.1.2)

Answer 12

In a block quote consisting of several paragraphs, indicate the paragraph structure by **indenting the first line** of each paragraph. However, it is **not necessary to indent the first line of a quoted paragraph if it is not the first line of the paragraph being quoted**. Remember that **this rule only applies in block quotes consisting of several paragraphs**. *If the block quote consisting of only a single paragraph, there is no need to indent the first line thereof*. (Rule 4.1.3.)

Answer 13

**Always place commas and periods inside the quotation marks**. Place other punctuation marks inside the quotation marks *only if they are part of the original text.* (Rule 4.1.4) *Note: these could apply to semicolons, exclamation points, colons, question mark.* *I think an example could be: How can we be sure that Juan actually said "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"?*

Answer 14

When we change or insert them in a quotation. A **change in the case of a letter, inserted words, letters, and other marks** should be enclosed in brackets. (Rule 4.2.1) E.g. According to the Court, "[T]he [unwarranted] decision of the unemployment commission 'forces her to choose between following the precepts of her religion and forfeiting benefits, on the one hand, and abandoning one of the precepts of her religion in order to accept work, on the other hand.'" *Note that this example ends with single and double quotation marks, applying the rule in quotations of less than 50 words that quoted portions in a quotation should be encosed with single quotation marks.*

Answer 15

When adding footnotes to a quote, enclose the footnote number found in the body in brackets. (Rule 4.2.2)

Answer 16

Substantial mistakes in the original should be followed by "[sic]" but otherwise left as they appear in the original. (Rule 4.2.3) E.g. According to the Court: "The un-warranted [sic] decision was uncalled for." | NB: There is a space between the word and "[sic]"

Answer 17

**Omitted letters or punctuations **must be indicated with **empty brackets []**. However, do not omit letters or punctuations resulting from grammatical errors. In such cases, apply the immediately preceding Rule [Rule 4.2.2., use of "[sic]"]. For **omitted words**, follow the immediately succeeding Rule [Rule 4.3.2 use of ellipsis "[...]"].(Rule 4.3.1.)

Answer 18

**Omission of a word or words **is generally indicated by the insertion of an ellipsis: **three periods set-off by a space before the first and after the last period** [ ... ], which take the place of the word or words omitted. The ellipsis is enclosed in brackets and the three consecutive therein must be separated by nonbreaking spaces. **An ellipsis is never used when individual words are merely altered**, in which case the applicable rule is Rule 4.2.1 [enclosing the alteration in brackets] above. (Rule 4.3.2.)

Answer 19

Use Rule 4.2.1. where the alteration of the case of the letter is enclosed in a bracket. A **quotation should never begin with an ellipsis**. In lieu of an ellipsis, Rule 4.2.1. applies. Example: According to the Court: "[T]he decisions was uncalled for." NOT According to the Court: "[...] the decision was uncalled for."

Answer 20

In block quotes, when the omission consists of **one or more paragraphs, use three asterisks**, **center-aligned** and separated by **single spaces**, not superscripted, to indicate the omission. (Rule 4.3.4)

Answer 21

No No sign is necessary if the **portion quoted ends in the middle of a paragraph**. (Rule 4.3.5.)

Answer 22

*Italics* For consistency, use *italics* to emphasize parts of a quoted text. *Never* underline. As far as practicable, all other methods of emphasis in a quoted text (e.g., **bold lettering**, underline, etc.) must be converted into *italics*. (Rule 4.4.1.)

Answer 23

We insert them in the footnote. Insert all parentheticals (i.e., "emphasis supplied," "emphasis omitted," "emphasis in the original," "citations omitted,") in the **footnote at the end of the citation**. Capitalize the first word and end the parenthetical with a punctuation mark (e.g. "Emphasis supplied."). Enclose everything in parenthesis. (Rule 4.4.2) *Example* According to the Court: "[T]he *decision* was uncalled form."[1] | Note that there is no period after the close parenthesis. ## Footnote 1. *Id.* (Emphasis supplied.)

Answer 24

Error: Parantheticals were included directly after the quote. It should be placed in a footnote. Hence, there should be a footnote referring to note 22: 22. *Id*. (Emphasis supplied, citations omitted.)

Answer 25

Rule 5. Other Rules * Capitalization (Rule 5.1.) * Italicization (Rule 5.2.) * Abbreviations & Acronyms (Rule 5.3.) * Numbers & Numberals (Rule 5.4.) * Special Rules on Spacing (Rule 5.5.) * Case Names In-Text (Rule 5.6.)

Answer 26

Use of Title Case: In titles and headings, capitalize words. Articles, conjunctions, and prepositions with less than five letters should not be capitalized, but always capitalize the initial word and the first word following a colon. (Rule 5.1.1.) *Example* *Time is Up: Assessing the Life Tenure System in the Amrican Supreme Court and the Mandatory Retirement System in the Philippine Supreme Court* *But* *A Human Rights Discourse on Campaign Finance in the Philippines: An Analysis of the 1987 Philippine Constitution and International Human Rights Law* | "An" is a preposition but it is capitalized since it comes after a colon

Answer 27

Nouns pertaining to a specific person and entity must always be capitalized, but **not when they are used in a common or generic sense**. (Rule 5.1.2.) *Example* The President of the Commission agreed to the proposal. The presidents publicly assented to the proposal.

Answer 28

The titles of specific laws, the names of specific courts, and titles of specific persons must be capitalized. *Example* The Migrant Workers Act was passed in 1995. The Regional Trial Court of Cebu convicted the accused. Chief Justice Warren penned the two *Brown* decisions. *But* The judgments of the regional trial courts do not have *stare decisis* effects. Note: See that the word "*Brown*" is italicized because it is a case name. "*Stare decisis*" is also italicized because it is a latin term. The noun "regional trial courts" have not been capitalized since it does not refer to a specific court; hence, it is not a proper noun.

Answer 29

Apart from emphasis and style, words and phrases are italicized when they are **non-English**, unless they have been **incorporated into common English** usage or are used as proper nouns. However, **long Latin phrases**, "*id*.," and procedural phrases should remain italicized. **Filipino words**, such as those quoted in case transcripts, shall always be italicized. (Rule 5.2.1.) *Example* *Reclusion perpetua* *Alevosia* *Compania Maritima* *Ex turpi causa non oritur actio*. *But* Mandamus Radio Veritas *However* *Ignorantia legis non excusat.* *In re* Shoop

Answer 30

The lowercase letter "l" should be **italicized when used as a subdivision** to distinguish it from the numeral "1." (Rule 5.2.2.) *Example* Rep. Act No. 8042 (1995), § 6(*l*), *amended by* Rep. Act No. 10022 (2010).

Answer 31

Yes. Case names, when used in-text, should be italicized even when using the abbreviated case name. (Rule 5.2.3.) | Note: rule applies when case name is in-text. Does not apply when FN.

Answer 32

No. When emphasizing words, use italics and not any other method of emphasis (e.g., **bold lettering**, underlineing). By way of exception, if the author makes use of the other methods *to provide for a hierarchy in emphasis*, the use of the other methods of emphasis may be used, subject to the approval of the Board. (Rule 5.2.4.) Note: other methods of emphasized allowed only when providing for a hierarchy in emphasis.

Answer 33

In case of a **long name of a juridical entity**, add a **parenthetical containing an abbreviation or acronym** after the name, then use the shortened name thereafter. (Rule 5.3.1.) *Example* The contracting-out of work was recently regulated in a memoranum issued by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). In the issuance, the DOLE...

Answer 34

Generally, abbreviations are **not punctuated by periods, whether they are used in the body text or footnotes**. However, when the acronym or abbreviation is used as a reporter name, periods must be used, unless convention or other rules hold otherwise. *Example* The US Supreme Court National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) *But* 1 C.A. Rep. 23 *However* 50 SCRA 23

Answer 35

If the abbreviation is the one officially used by or for the juridical entity, do not enclose it in quotation marks. If the abbreviation to be used for the entity is not official, enclose it in quotation marks. For a list of abbreviations of Philippine government agencies, refer to Table 7. (Rule 5.3.3.) *Example* Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) *But* University of the Philippines College of Law ("UP Law")

Answer 36

In case of **any other long name**, add a parenthetical containing an abbreviation after the name, and then use the shortened name thereafter. The abbreviaiton must be enclosed in quotation marks, *even for documents commonly and officially known*. for their abbreviations. (Rule 5.3.4.) *Example* United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ("UNCLOS") | The treaty is commonly known as UNCLOS but still we need to enclose it

Answer 37

We must introduce the abbrevation at least once in the abstract, body text, and footnotes-- but only if we will use it therein. Thus, no need to introduce the abbreviation in the abstract if it is not necessary. For the two preceding rules (Rule 5.3.3 and 5.3.4), the abbeviation must be introduced at least once *each* in the abstract, body text, and the footnotes if it will be used therein. This is due to the assumption that one may choose to read an article without going through the footnotes. (Rule 5.3.5.)

Answer 38

Countries that are commonly identified by their acronyms (e.g., the United States and United Kingdom) may be abbreviated **when used as an adjective** without having to first use the full name. For all other uses, Rules 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 apply. (Rule 5.3.6.) *Example* The UK law would allow same-sex couples... The People's Republic of China (PRC) treated the said law as an act of aggression... | 5.3.1 - long name of juridical entity; 5.3.2. - abv not punc by period

Answer 39

Yes The abbreviations "i.e." and "e.g." are not italicized; **both should be followed by a comma**. (Rule 5.3.8.)

Answer 40

No. We italicize and abbreviate them only when they are used in a parenthetical reference or a footnote. When used in a **parenthetical reference**, titles of judges and justices are abbreviated and italicized. Otherwise, their full titles are spelled out. (Rule 5.3.9) *Example* Justice Carpio-Morales, writing for the Court in *Francisco*... "It takes the risk of reeking of an objectionalbe air of supreme judicial arrogance." Carpio-Morales, *J*., *dissenting* in *De Castro v. Jud. & Bar Council*, G.R. no. 191002, 618 SCRA 639, 664, Apr. 20, 2010. | Note: her family name is not italicized in the FN, just the title

Answer 41

Generally, the **numbers less than 10 are spelled out**, but when the **first word of any setntence** begins with a number, the number must be spelled out. This rule is likewise applicable to **ordinal numbers**. (Rule 5.4.1.) *Example* Twenty-three petitioners similarly went to the Supreme Court. Eighteenth century literature was characterized by the spirit of realism. *But* The Supreme Court received petitions from 23 other parties. The literature of the 18th century was characterized by the spirit of realism.

Answer 42

When a number is a **negative integer**, or when it has a **decimal**, numerals must be used. (Rule 5.4.2.) *Example* The temperature was -2 degrees Fahrenheit. He lost 8.5 pounds.

Answer 43

For consistency, when a **series** includes numbers **both less than 10 and greater than or equal to 10**, numerals must be used. (Rule 4.3.) *Example* The accused minors were aged 9, 12, and 15.

Answer 44

Numerals with **four or more digits** must use **commas** to separate every thousandth decimal place. Note that numerals are written **without interrupting spaces**. (Rule 5.4.4.) *Example* 1,234,567

Answer 45

For succeeding numbers, spell out the first. (Rule 5.4.5.) *Example* Fifty-five 100-meter dash runners | Note that in this case, the 100 in 100-meter dash is used as a noun.

Answer 46

For exact currency amounts, begin with proper **ISO 4217 three-figure currency code** followed by the amount using numerals. However, for **estimates or large numbers (millions and above)**, append the currency, **spelled out,** at the end of the estimate. *Example* GBP 10,550 PHP 10,550 USD 10,550 *But* 1 million dollars 5 billion pesos

Answer 47

When ordinal numbers are **not spelled out**, do not superscript the abbreviations (e.g., -st, -nd, -rd, -th), except when they appear in the footnotes. (Rule 5.4.7.)

Answer 48

An **en dash is preceded and followed by a space**, except when used in footnotes, while an **em dash and a hyphen are not.** Generally, an en dash (the width of an "n;" –) is used to **connect values in a range and is often used as a substitute for "to"**; **an em dash (the width of an "m;" —) is an informal separator of a parenthetical reference**; and a **hyphen (-) connect compound words**. (Rule 5.5.1.) *Example* *[En dash]* Only those 40 – 70 years old may be appointed to the Supreme Court. *[Em dash]* The rule admits one—and only one—exception to the rule. *[Hyphen]* The Judge who rendered the decision was criticized as narrow-minded. *But in footnotes* *[En dash]* REV. PEN. CODE, art. 4–7. *[En dash]* Lopez v. Ct. of Appeals,G.R. No. 26549, 34 SCRA 116, 126–27. | NB: REV. PEN. CODE should be small caps; no need to write "1" in 126-27.

Answer 49

The percent sign (%) immediately follows the numbers to which they pertain. *Example* 97% | Note: no space between "97" and "%."

Answer 50

We cite full case name first, then abbreviated case name thereafter. The parenthetical "hereinafter" is only written in the footnotes. **After using the complete case name once**, the abbreviated case name may be used without the need of using a parenthetical with "hereinafter" like in footnotes. The abbreviated case name is *commonly the first party name*, unless the second more clearly identifies the case. Both the complete case name and the abbreviated case name should be italicized when used in the body. (Rule 5.6.1.) *Example* In *Mendoza v. COMELEC*,[7] Leonardo Roman was elected as governor of Bataan and served in full the term of 1988 – 1992. * * * In *Mendoza*, the justices were divided. Footnote: 7 [Hereinafter "*Mendoza*"], G.R. No. 149736, Dec. 17, 2002. | NB: range of year applied en dash;