part 2 Flashcards
perfect competition
can be found in markets with so many suppliers and buyers that no single individual or business can possibility influence the price
holistic
adj dealing with or treating the whole of something or someone and not just a part:
My doctor takes a holistic approach to disease.
Ecological problems usually require holistic solutions.
collateral
valuable property owned by someone who wants to borrow money, that they agree will become the property of the company or person who lends the money if the debt is not paid back:
She used/put up her house as collateral for a loan.
mortgage
an agreement that allows you to borrow money from a bank or similar organization, especially in order to buy a house, or the amount of money itself:
They took out a £40o,000 mortgage (= they borrowed £40o,000) to buy the house.
a monthly mortgage payment
rate of return
the amount of profit that an investment earns calculated as a percentage of the money that was originally invested:
the actual/annual rate of return The Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the 5% return shown in the illustration.
withdraw
V. to take money out of an account:
This account allows you to withdraw a maximum daily amount of $500.
withdraw cash/funds/savings The economic crisis saw people queuing to withdraw their savings.
interest
money that is charged by a bank or other financial organization for lending money:
interest charges/payments Interest charges on an overdraft are usually quite high.
retain
V. to keep or continue to have something:
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.
He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance.
dispute
N. an argument or disagreement, especially an official one:
The judge urged the feuding partners to settle their legal dispute .
Staff have been in a long-running pay dispute with the company.
An official involved in the dispute said that the attorney has indicated
common stock
a share or shares of a company providing the owner with a right to vote at shareholder meetings and to receive a part of the company profits as a dividend
free float
one third of shares hold by 2 companies. the rest is free float which means that these 2 thirds of shares are actually available on SE
market capitalization
market cap
the total value of a company’s shares on a stock market:
The company has a total market capitalization of about $14.3 billion.
P/E ratio
price/earnings ratio
price/earnings ratio or price-to-earnings ratio: a company’s share price in relation to its profits:
The P/E ratio is a key gauge used by the City in assessing the price of shares.
dividend yield
the dividend a company pays out to investors as a percentage of the share price:
A high-growth company will have a low dividend yield because it reinvests most of its profits.
The dividend yield ratio tells you how much a stock is paying off for the price of the stock.
retained earnings
the part of a company’s profit in a particular period that it decides to keep, rather than paying it to shareholders as a dividend:
PNC had retained earnings of $302 million that can be used to help make debt payments or be reinvested in the company.
revenue expenditure
money that a company spends on activities that are directly related to making sales in a particular period:
Grants can be awarded for either capital or revenue expenditure.
loan capital
money that a business borrows from banks and other organizations for an agreed period and on which it pays interest:
Only about £7m is expected to be available as loan capital to finance start-ups.
obsolescence
N. the process or fact of becoming old-fashioned and no longer useful:
Depreciation refers to the loss of value of an asset due to age, wear and tear, and obsolescence.
marketing
creating value for customer
product
is every good or service that can be exchanged in order to fulfil the wishes and needs of costumer
consumer
person who buys goods or services for their own use
unique selling proposition
USP
differentiation. unique, special or better than the rest
marketing objectives
1 customer satisfaction- loyalty 2 creating USP 3 gaining and maintaining market share 4 maintaining or creating sales 5 profitability
neglect
to not give enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility:
to neglect your appearance/the house
He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention.
identical
adj. exactly the same, or very similar:
I’ve got three identical blue suits.
market potential
the total amount of all brand in product category that could possibly be sold to market
sales potential
total amount of single brand that could possibly be sold to the market
market volume
sales volume of all firms in market
sales volume
sales volume of one firm
market segmentation
the dividing of all possible customers into groups based on their needs, age, education, income, etc.:
Market segmentation is the key to legal services
elimination
the process of removing something:
the elimination of disease/pain
alteration
a change, usually a slight change, in the appearance, character, or structure of something:
Several police officers are being questioned about the alteration of the documents.
contraction
a situation in which less money is being earned, spent, or invested in a market or economy:
Michigan’s economy experienced a contraction last year.
(a) contraction in sth A sharp contraction in the labour market is predicted.
law of supply
all other factors being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity of goods or services that suppliers offer will increase, and vice versa. The law of supply says that as the price of an item goes up, suppliers will attempt to maximize their profits by increasing the quantity offered for sale.
highly geared
used to describe a company that has a large amount of debt compared to its share capital, (= money in shares) or the structure of such a company’s capital:
Companies with high debts are ‘highly geared’, and face financial difficulties if their profits fall or interest rates rise.
The company’s board said it would not support the highly leveraged capital structure of the proposed buyout offer.
reluctant
adj not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it:
[I was having such a good time I was reluctant to leave.
Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children.
insolvency
a situation in which a person or company does not have enough money to pay debts, buy goods, etc.:
The company warned that it may have to seek insolvency proceedings, which would see creditors recover only a small amount of their liabilities.
burden
N. a difficult situation or unpleasant responsibility that you must deal with or worry about:
ease/lighten/reduce the burden (on sb) By training additional staff, management could significantly ease the burden on its over-worked personnel.
cost
the amount of money that is spent to produce goods or services, before any profit is added for the manufacturer or producer:
Mass-market retailers often sell items such as bread and milk at cost to pull in customers.
charges
the amount of money that you have to pay for something, especially for a service:
make/impose/incur a charge If you fail to cancel the booking within the specified period, you will incur a charge.
provision
N. the act of providing something:
The provision of good public transport will be essential for developing the area.
Of course there’s provision in the plan for population increase.
make sense
to be clear and easy to understand:
This last paragraph doesn’t make any sense.
value
the amount of money that something is worth:
This mortgage is available for up to 95% of the property’s value.
ins and outs
the detailed or complicated facts of something:
I know how to use computers, but I don’t really understand the ins and outs of how they work.
fraud
луйвар
bullying
the behaviour of a person who hurts or frightens someone smaller or less powerful, often forcing that person to do something they do not want to do:
Bullying is a problem in many schools.
capital
money that is used for investment or for starting a business:
attract/borrow/raise capital Low-tax policies are used by some countries to attract capital.
consequence
a result of a particular action or situation, often one that is bad or not convenient:
Not making a will can have serious consequences for your children and other family members.
stagnant
adj. not growing or developing:
Recently, the company’s sales have been declining or stagnant.
complacency
a feeling of calm satisfaction with your own abilities or situation that prevents you from trying harder:
What annoys me about these girls is their complacency - they seem to have no desire to expand their horizons.
propensity
if someone has a propensity to behave in a particular way or prefer a particular thing, they are likely to behave in that way or like that thing:
Low fares are increasing people’s propensity to travel further to an airport.
regulation
an official rule or the act of controlling something:
safety/health/traffic/fire/security regulations
optimum
best; most likely to bring success or advantage:
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment.
carbon dioxide
нүүрс төрөгчийн давхар исэл
lobby
to try to persuade a politician, the government, or an official group that a particular thing should or should not happen, or that a law should be changed:
Small businesses have lobbied hard for/against changes in the tax laws.
conduct
to do something, or make something happen:
We seek to conduct business in an ethical manner.
figure out
to understand or solve something:
figure out how/why/what, etc. If they know the cause of the problem, they might be able to figure out how to prevent it happening again.
justify
to give or to be a good reason for:
[ + -ing verb ] I can’t really justify taking another day off work.
Are you sure that these measures are justified?
at your fingertips
Idiom
If you have information at your fingertips, you can get it and use it very easily:
He has all the latest statistics at his fingertips.
backer
someone who gives financial support to something:
We need financial backers for the project.
aspect
N. one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc.:
Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy?
constraint
N. something that controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits:
The constraints of politeness wouldn’t allow her to say what she really thought about his cooking.
executive
гүйцэтгэх засаглал, гүйцэтгэх байгууллага
regulatory body
захиргааны байгууллага
statutory
adj decided or controlled by law:
statutory obligations
rivalry
a situation in which people, companies, products, etc. are competing with each other:
rivalry between sb and sb There is considerable rivalry between banks and accountancy firms when it comes to giving corporate financial advice.
assumption
something that you accept as true, although you have no proof:
make an assumption about sb/sth We tend to make assumptions about our staff’s ability based on very little evidence.
restrain
to control the actions or behaviour of someone by force, especially in order to stop them from doing something, or to limit the growth or force of something:
When he started fighting, it took four police officers to restrain him.
provoke
to make or try to make a person or an animal angry:
It was a vicious-looking dog and I didn’t want to provoke it.
He was clearly trying to get at me but I refused to be provoked.
I was provoked into the argument.
flaw
N. a fault, mistake, or weakness, especially one that happens while something is being planned or made, or that causes something not to be perfect:
I returned the material because it had a flaw in it.
aesthetic
adj relating to the enjoyment or study of beauty:
The new building has little aesthetic value/appeal.
consumerism
a situation involving large amounts of goods being sold to individuals rather than businesses, especially when this is very important to an economy:
State boundaries matter little in an age of global consumerism and investment.
More and more people are convinced of the importance of ethical and green consumerism.
whistle-blower
a person who tells someone in authority about something illegal that is happening, especially in a government department or a company
apparent
adj able to be seen or understood:
Her unhappiness was apparent to everyone.
commitment
a promise or firm decision to do something:
Players must make a commitment to play for a full season.
perception
N. a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on how things seem:
We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted.
expertise
N. a high level of knowledge or skill:
We admired the expertise with which he prepared the meal.
assault
a violent attack:
He was charged with sexual assault.
value chain
N. the series of stages involved in producing a product or service that is sold to consumers, with each stage adding to the value to the product or service:
We want recycled materials to reenter the value chain as raw materials.
add-on
something extra that is added to a product to make it better:
DVDs often include bonus endings and other add-ons.
ancillary
adj providing support or help:
ancillary staff/workers
an ancillary role
break-even point
the point at which a business starts to make as much money as it has spent on a particular product, activity, etc.:
reach break-even point We should reach break-even point after our first year.
We have calculated that our break-even point would be 9,000 units sold.
output
the amount of goods and services, or waste products, that are produced by a particular economy, industry, company, or worker:
Monetary policy can be used to help to stabilize output and employment in an economy.
To become more effective, we need to focus more on outputs and revenues.
threshold
a point at which something starts:
[ C ] a low threshold for pain
[ U ] We are on the threshold of a new era.
