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KCUMB Neuroendocrine > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

At week 6 the rupture of the oronasal membrane connects what two cavities

A

1) Nasal and oral cavity

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2
Q

Congenital anomalies

A

1) Agenesis of Thyroid Gland
2) Thyroid Hemiagenesis
3) DiGeorge Syndrome

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3
Q

What forms the mesenchyme

A

NCC migrating from forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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4
Q

Describe the innervation of the inner ear

A

CN VIII

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5
Q

External Ear Structure

A

Elastic Cartilag e

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6
Q

4th and 6th Pharyngeal Cartilages form what?

A

Laryngeal Cartilages

- 4th also forms epiglottis (NCC derived)

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7
Q

PA 3 Cartilage

A

1) Ossifies –> Greater Cornu of Hyoid Bone

2) Body of hyoid bone formed via hypopharyngeal eminence that formed via PA3 and PA4

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8
Q

Riechert’s Cartilage forms what?

A

1) Dorsal –> Stapes and Styloid Process of temporal bone
2) Perichondrium –> Stylohyoid ligament
3) Ventral end ossifies –> Lesser cornu/horn of hyoid bone

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9
Q

What is the structure that sensory hair cells are attached to in the Ampulla?

A

Cupulla

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10
Q

Mastoiditis

A

1) Infection of Mastoid cells
- Can spread into cranial fossa via petrosquamous cranial suture
- Treated w. antibiotics

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11
Q

What sensory structure do utricle and saccules contain

A

Maculae

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12
Q

First Arch Syndrome

A

Malformation of eyes, ears, mandible, and palate

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13
Q

Describe what happens when the basilar membrane vibrates

A

1) Basilar Membrane vibrates via sound
2) Movement of sterocilia –> K+ channels to open
3) Signal transferred to Bipolar neuron in spiral ganglion –> CN 8

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14
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

1) connects tympanic cavity to nasopharynx

2) Equalizes pressure via opening

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15
Q

Once the Oropharyngeal membrane disintegrates, what mandibular prominences extend and fuse into what?

A

Lower Jaw and Surface of Upper Lip

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16
Q

What ossicle amplifies the vibratory force

A

Stapes

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17
Q

Structural Features of the Auricle

A

1) Concha of Auricle
2) Helix -(outer rim) and antihelix (inner rim)
3) Tragus (Protrusion overlapping external acoustic meatus) and antitragus
4) Lobule (contains non-cartilagenous)

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18
Q

4th Pouch

A

1) Dorsal Portion –> Superior Parathyroid glands

2) Ultimobranchial body –> Fuses w/ thyroid gland and gives rise to parafollicular to parafollicular cells

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19
Q

Structural Features of the Auditory Ossicles

A

1) Malleus, Incus and Stapes

- Tympanic membrane –> Malleus –> Incus –> Stapes –> Oval Window

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20
Q

How does de-amp occur

A

Tensor Tympani

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21
Q

Describe Pharyngeal Grooves

A

Located externally between pharyngeal arches, covered w/ ectoderm

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22
Q

PA2 gives rise to what generally?

A

1) Stapedius and Muscles of Facial Expression

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23
Q

What separates the LNP to the Maxillary Prominences

A

Nasolacrimal Groove

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24
Q

Action of Tensor Tympani

A

Pulls on handle to tense membrane and reduce amplitude

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25
Q

What defective protein is involved with TCS?

A

TREACLE

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26
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

1) Inner surface = auriculotemporal n. V3

2) Outer Surface = small auricular branch of CN X

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27
Q

Basic Function of the Inner Ear

A

1) Changes sound mechanical energy into electrical energy

2) Balance via rotational and linear acceleration

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28
Q

Cupulla is displaced via fluid motion and this allows detection of what kind of velocity

A

Rotational

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29
Q

Describe the completed palate formation

A

1) Bone fomation extends from the premaxillary part of the maxilla to the maxillae and palatine bone

2) Gives rise to:
- Hard Palate (Formed from lateral palatine bones)
- Soft Palate (Posterior portions don’t ossify)
- Nasopalatine Canal persists in median plane and known as incisive fossa

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30
Q

What does the EAM contain?

A

1) Ceruminous glands (earwax)

2) Sebaceous gland

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31
Q

Tympanic Membrane Structure

A

1) Between the external and middle ear and has flaccid and tense portion
- Outer portion = stratified squamous
- Inner Portion - simple cuboidal

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32
Q

Basic Function of the Middle Ear

A

Amp. or De-amp of sound and equalization

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33
Q

What antibiotic must you avoid when treating a rupture ear drum?

A

Gentamicin

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34
Q

Thyroid Hemiagenesis (Unilateral failure of formation)

A

1) Left lobe is more commonly absent

- Mutations in the receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone are likely involved

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35
Q

3rd Pouch

A

1) Dorsal portion differentiates into inferior parathyroid gland
2) Ventral portions for the thymus

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36
Q

Describe Cleft Lip

A

1) Cleft extends through upper lip
- Often clefting of the nose and/or maxilla
- Lack of fusion between maxillary prominence and medial nasal prominence

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37
Q

Thymus formation

A

Formed via ventral portion of 3rd pouch

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38
Q

What will the Maxillary Prominences give rise to?

A

1) Surface of upper lip
2) Portions of maxilla
3) Secondary Palate

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39
Q

What are nasal placodes

A

Primordia or nasal epithelium

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40
Q

Thyroid Formation

A

1) First endocrine gland to develop
2) Divides into right/left lobes connected by the isthmus
3) Definitive shape by 7th week and thyroglossal duct will degenerate

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41
Q

What boundary do mandibular prominence form?

A

Caudal Boundary of Stomodeum

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42
Q

How is the Opening of the Pharyngotympanic tube achieved

A

1) Levator Veli Palatine
2) Tensor Veli Palatine
3) Salpinopharyngeus

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43
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Reduction in sound level and/or fidelity due to damage to inner ear or auditory n.; affects hearing at different frequencies and intensities

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44
Q

Internal Cervical Sinus

A

1) Persistence of 2nd pouch
- Rare
- Open into tonsillar sinus or near palatopharyngeal arch

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45
Q

Name of Cartilage of PA1

A

Merkel’s Cartilage

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46
Q

Glossoschissis

A

Incomplete fusion of lateral lingual swellings resulting in a bifid tongue

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47
Q

Trigeminal N. supplies which arch?

A

1st PA

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48
Q

Describe the micro anatomy of a maculae

A

1) Cluster hair cells w/ stereocilia w/ overlying gelatinous material called otolithic membrane
2) Otolithic membrane covered w/ calcium carbonate/protein crystals called otoconia

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49
Q

What are the branchial anomalies

A

1) External Cervical Sinus
2) Internal Cervical Sinus
3) Cervical Cysts
4) Cervical Fistula

50
Q

PA6 gives rise to which muscles

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

51
Q

List the Facial Primordia

A

1) Maxillary Prominences
2) Mandibular prominences
3) Frontonasal Prominence

52
Q

Cervical Fistula

A

1) Canal that opens into tonsillar sinus and external side of the neck
- Persistence of parts of 2nd groove and pouch
- Ascends through subcutaneous tissue and platysma to reach carotid sheath; passes between carotids and opens into tonsillar sinus

53
Q

PA3 gives rise to what muscle

A

Stylopharyngeus

54
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

1) Agenesis of Thymus and Parathyroid Glands
2) Shortened philtrum of upper lip, low-set and notched ears
3) Cardiac abnormalities (Defects of the aortic arch and heart)

55
Q

Describe the Craniosynostosis

A

1) Scaphocephaly: Premature closure of sagittal suture –> cranium becomes long, narrow, and wedge shaped
2) Brachycephaly: Premature closure of the coronal suture –?> high, tower-like cranium
3) Plagiocephaly: Premature closure of coronal suture on one side –> cranium is twisted and asymmetric
4) Trigonocephaly: Premature closure of the frontal (metopic) suture –> malformation of frontal and orbital bones

56
Q

Birth Defects are common with which groove?

A

2nd Groove

57
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

1) Effects outer or inner ear

- Fluid build up in middle ear; otitis excessive wax, otosclerosis

58
Q

What are the results of MNP fusion

A

a. Premaxillary part of maxilla
b. Primary Palate
c. Philtrum of Upper Lip

59
Q

Meniere’s Syndrome

A

Experience Dizziness, vertigo, high-pitched rushing or roaring sound (tinnitus) and fluctuating hearing loss

60
Q

Paraxial Mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

Populates each arch to form PA musculature

61
Q

What establishes continuity between side of nose (LNP) and cheek region

A

Fusion of LNP and Maxillary Prominences at the Nasolacrimal groove

62
Q

Action of Stapedius

A

1) Tightens annular ligament attaching to window

2) Reduces oscillatory range and prevents excessive movement of stapes

63
Q

External Ear Function

A

Collecting sound and transmitting it to ME via TM

64
Q

Agenesis of Thyroid Gland

A

Absence of a thyroid gland or one of its lobes (rare)

65
Q

Otitis Media

A

1) Ear-ache w/ possible fluid or pus in middle ear due to inflammation or infection
- Tympanic membrane appear red and bulged
- Untreated can impair hearing and scarring or auditory ossicles

66
Q

Cleft Palate

A

1) Clefts of secondary palate to incisive fossa
- May involve uvula and/or hard and soft palates
- Lack of fusion between: Lateral Palatine Process w/ nasal septum and lateral palatine processes w. median palatine process

67
Q

Middle Ear Physical

A

Known as Tympanic Cavity and is bounded by walls

68
Q

Microglossia

A

Abnormal small tongue (rare) and usually associated with micrognathia

69
Q

Primary Palate Formation

A

1) MNP fusion –> Median palatine process (primary palate)
- Between maxillary prominences
- Forms Premaxillary part of the maxilla

70
Q

Tonsils formation

A

2nd Pouch –> Palatine Tonsils

71
Q

Tensor Tympani O and I

A

O: Pharyngotympanic Tube, Greater Sphenoid, and petrous part of temporal bone

I: Handle of Malleolus

72
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss is related to what?

A

1) Age and Noise

73
Q

Pierre Robin Sequence

A

1) Hypoplasia of mandible, cleft palate, and defects of the eyes and ears
2) Micrognathia –> results in posterior displacement of the tongue –> obstruction of full closure of the palate –> results bilateral cleft palate

74
Q

Tympanic Membrane Function

A

Moves w/ sound and transmits to ossicles

75
Q

Innervation of Tensor Tympani

A

CN V3

76
Q

1st Pharyngeal Pouches

A

1) Expands into tubotympanic recess –> cavity and mastoid antrum

2) Elongates to form pharyngotympanic tube
- Tympanic Membrane is formed by the 1st membrane + intervening mesenchyme

77
Q

What are the components of the PA’s

A

1) Ectoderm ~ Externally
2) Mesoderm (Paraxial) and Mesenchyme (NCC aggregates) ~ Core
3) Endoderm ~ internally

78
Q

Glossopharyngeal N Supplies which arch?

A

3rd PA

79
Q

Pharyngotympanic Tube (Eustachian Tube)

A

Equals pressure between nasopharynx and tympanic cavity

80
Q

How do nasal pits arise

A

From proliferation of nasal placodes edges

81
Q

NCC Derived Mesenchyme

A

Forms all CCT in head, including the dermis and smooth muscle

82
Q

List all the muscles that are derived from PA2

A

1) Buccinator
2) Auricular Muscles
3) Occipitofrontalis
4) Posterior Belly of Digastric
5) Stylohyoid
6) Stapedius and Platysma

83
Q

Merkel’s Cartilage Forms What?

A

1) Dorsal –> Malleus and Incus
2) Ventral forms Primordium of mandible
3) Perichondrium –> Anterior ligament of malleus and sphenomandibular ligament

84
Q

Muscles of mastication are derived from what?

A

PA1

85
Q

Secondary Palate

A

1) Develops from Lateral Palatine Process

- Lateral Palatine Process (Palatine shelves( Develops from mesenchyme of MXP

86
Q

What does the External Ear consist of?

A

1) Auricle
2) External Acoustic Meatus
3) Tympanic Membrane

87
Q

What will nasal puts derive?

A

Nostrils (nares)

Nasal cavities

88
Q

What are the two parts of the middle ear

A

1) Tympanic Cavity Proper

2) Epitympanic Recess

89
Q

Ampullae

A

1) At the ends of the semicircular canals

2) Sensory structure detecting rotational acceleration

90
Q

2nd Pouch

A

1) Forms Tonsillar Sinus
2) Mesenchyme forms lymphoid nodules of palatine tonsils
3) Endoderm will form tonsillar epithelium

91
Q

PA4 gives rise to which muscles

A

1) Cricothyroid

2) Pharyngeal Constrictors

92
Q

External Cervical Sinus

A

1) Failure of 2nd groove and cervical sinus to obliterate
- Detected due to discharge of mucus
- Commonly associated w/ auricular sinuses

93
Q

What are the muscular components derived from?

A

Paraxial Mesoderm

94
Q

Inner Ear Structure

A

1) Bony and Membranous Labyrinth
- Bony: Semicircular Canals, Vestibule, and Cochlea
- Membranous: w/in bony labyrinth consisting of tubules and sacs

95
Q

Describe the TM

A

1) Concave w/ umbo tip pointing toward EAM

- External = stratified squamous

96
Q

What is the location of nasal placodes?

A

Frontonasal Prominence (FNP)

97
Q

Describe the middle ear cavity wall

A

1) Tegmental wall (roof) formed via tegmen tympani (temporal bone)
2) Jugular Wall (floor) ~ separates middle ear from internal jugular vein
3) Membranous wall (lateral)~ formed mostly via tympanic membrane 4) Labrinthine wall (medial)~ Separates middle from inner ear
- Prominence of semicircular wall
- Oval and Round Windows
5) Carotid wall (anterior)~ Separates tympanic cavity from carotid canal and artery
- Opening for pharyngotympanic tube and canal for tensor tympani
6) Mastoid Wall (Posterior)~ connects tympanic cavity to mastoid air cells
- Opening is call the aditus
- Anterior Ligament of Malleus attaches malleus to the post. wall

98
Q

What is the Scala Vestibuli associated with

A

Oval Window

99
Q

What is the primordial jaws?

A

1st PA

100
Q

What forms all the CT in head, including dermis and smooth muscle

A

Mesenchyme

101
Q

Cervical Cysts

A

1) Remnants of cervical sinus and/or 2nd groove
- Slowly enlarging, painless, free-lying cyst in the neck, inferior to angle of the mandible
- Accumulation of fluid and cellular debris

102
Q

What will the lateral nasal prominence produce

A

Alae (sides) of nose

103
Q

Where is the Organ of Corti located at?

A

floor of scala media resting on basilar membrane

104
Q

Stapedius O and I

A

O: Pyramidal eminence of posterior wall

I: Stapes

105
Q

Innervation of Stapedius

A

CN VII

106
Q

What is Meniere’s Syndrome associated with?

A

Increase endolymph volume leading to abnormal signaling

107
Q

Name of Cartilage of PA2

A

Riecherts

108
Q

List two first arch syndromes

A

Treacher-Collins Syndrome

Pierre Robin sequence

109
Q

Describe Pharyngeal Pouches

A

Located internally as part of the pharynx, covered with endoderm

110
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

Frenulum is fort and extends to the tip of the tongue

111
Q

Vagus N. Supplies which arch?

A

4th - 6th PA

112
Q

What boundary do maxillary prominences form?

A

Lateral boundaries of stomodeum

113
Q

Parathyroid Formation

A 
3rd = inferior parathyroid gland
4th = superior parathyroid gland
114
Q

PA1 gives rise to which muscles?

A

1) Temporalis
2) Masseter
3) Pterygoids
4) Mylohyoid
5) Anterior Belly of Digastric
6) Tensor Veli Palatini
7) Tensor Tympani

115
Q

Macroglossia

A

Excessively large tongue caused by generalized hypertrophy

- often seen in infants with down syndrome

116
Q

Ruptured Ear Drums

A

Due to abnormal increase in medial ear pressure via fluid or barotrauma or external trauma

117
Q

Describe how the 2nd - 4th Pharyngeal grooves disappear

A

1) 2nd Pharyngeal Arch is going to extend down to overlap with 3rd and 4th
2) Forms a cervical sinus which eventually obliterate grooves 2-4 w/ fusion

118
Q

What structures amplify the External Signal

A

Auditory Ossicles

119
Q

Vertigo

A

Sensation of feeling dizzy and off balance

120
Q

What is the Scala Tympani associated with

A

Round window

121
Q

Pharyngeal membranes

A

Located between the Groove and Pouch

122
Q

Facial N. supplies which arch?

A

2nd PA

KCUMB Neuroendocrine (3 decks)

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