Part 2 Flashcards
Dye
water-soluble color, exhibits color when dissolved in water
Lake
AKA aluminum lake, is a dye that is dispersed in oil emulsions, used for fat-based foods
FD&C
certified for use in food, drugs and cosmetics
D&C
certified for use in drugs and cosmetics, but not in food
what colors make up 90% of color additives
Red 40, Yellow 5&6
what does FDA do to make sure colors are safe?
FDA considers them safe in small quantities normally consumed
each is required to be tested individually prior to certification
some results from combo studies suggest some synergistic effects
What can Yellow 5 and Blue 1 (given at dose 1000x higher than consumed) show?
synergistic effect on adult hippocampal neurons
the Feingold diet did what to children?
20% of kids with hyperactivity improved with restricted diet
heritability of genes for ADHD is what?
80%
FD&C yellow 5 does what?
increased urinary zinc excretion
behavioral changes were more intense the more zinc was excreted
can affect brain without crossing BBB
bright orange and red colorings are made from what?
cochineal bugs (70,000)
what is the bright orange and red colorings used in?
popsicles strawberry milk cheese mock lobster candy fruit drinks yogurt
what was the red scare of the 1970s?
there was a small study done in Russia that showed Red 2 was toxic to the gonads of rats
FDA couldn’t replicate the study
there was no red M&Ms for a while
what is the yellow dye myth?
rumor in the 1990s that yellow 5 (mountain dew) reduced sperm count and shinks testicles
Delaney clause of 1960
doesn’t allow use of colors, additives or pesticides that have been shown to cause cancer in man or animal
de minimis exception
if the additive had less than a 1 in one million chance of causing cancer, then it could be used
what was the first synthetic color used in 1856 in England?
mauve derived from benzene
the only other purple came from glandular mucus of a certain strain of mollusks, so it was much more expensive
which uses color, butter or margarine?
both!
who was Freidrich Accum?
called out all industries who were using colors in their products
What is the definition of “natural” color additives?
extracted from food and non-food items
what is the definition of “color additives”?
synthetically produced
what are dioxins and PCBs?
released into environment from forest fires, burning of trash, industrial activities, residue from past commercial burning of waste
break of very slowly
banned in 1977, but the pollutants still persist
where are dioxins andPCBs found?
agent orange
where are humans exposed to dioxins most of the time?
foods
animal fats associated with eating beef, port, poultry, fish, milk and diary products
dioxins have a half life of what in the body?
7-11 years
PCBs have a half like of what in the body?
8-15 years
how does one reduce the risk of dioxin and PCB exposure?
limit or eliminate meat and dairy
eat only wild caught salmon
trim fat from meat and consume low fat dairy products
cooking meat reduces dioxin by up to 1/2
balanced diet reduces exposure
decrease exposure when pregnant and breast feeding
what is bisphenol A?
synthetic estrogen
what is bisphenol A used for?
harden polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resin linings
human exposure of bisphenol A comes from..?
mainly canned foods, liquids stored or heated in plastic containers and epoxy-lined cancers
half-like of bisphenol A
less than 6 to 43 hours
what are the adverse health effects associated with bisphenol A?
lower semen quality abnormal brain development ADD/ADHD type 2 diabetes asthma
How do you reduce the amount of BPA you are exposed to?
use BPA free bottles never microwave plastic containers limit canned foods avoid plastics with recycling code 7 use soft or cloudy plastic
DDT was banned in the US when?
1972
DDT was banned world wide when?
2004
how long can DDT take to break down in the envoronment?
more than 15 years
what is the current source of new DDT exposure in the Great Lakes?
atmospheric deposition
how do humans get exposed to DDT?
eating contaminated fish and shellfish, imported food directly exposre to DDT, crops grown in contaminated soil
infants can be exposed through breast milk
what is the half like of DDT?
8 years
what are the harmful effects of DDT?
probable human carcinogen, damages to liver, temporarily damages NS, decreases fertility
what is the secon most commonly used pesticide in US?
atrazine
atrazine is used in what common product?
roundup
where is atrazine most heavily applied?
midwest
how do humans get exposed to atrazine?
found in contaminated streams and ground water (slow breakdown in water)
what are the acute health effects of atrazine?
congestion of heart, lungs and kidneys hypotension antidiruesis muscle spasms weight loss adrenal degneration
what are the chronic health effects of atrazine?
weight loss, C-V damage, retinal and some muscle degeneration
mammary tumors
what is diethylstilbestrol?
a synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between 1940 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage, premature labor and other related complications
women who took DES during pregnancy have an increased risk of what?
breast cancer
DES daughters have an increased risk of what?
clear cell adenocarcinoma (40x) of vagina and cervix
2x greater risk for breast cancer after 40
fertility problems are more common
DES sons have an increased risk of what?
testicular abnormalities, inflammation or infection
