Part 2 Flashcards
Dye
water-soluble color, exhibits color when dissolved in water
Lake
AKA aluminum lake, is a dye that is dispersed in oil emulsions, used for fat-based foods
FD&C
certified for use in food, drugs and cosmetics
D&C
certified for use in drugs and cosmetics, but not in food
what colors make up 90% of color additives
Red 40, Yellow 5&6
what does FDA do to make sure colors are safe?
FDA considers them safe in small quantities normally consumed
each is required to be tested individually prior to certification
some results from combo studies suggest some synergistic effects
What can Yellow 5 and Blue 1 (given at dose 1000x higher than consumed) show?
synergistic effect on adult hippocampal neurons
the Feingold diet did what to children?
20% of kids with hyperactivity improved with restricted diet
heritability of genes for ADHD is what?
80%
FD&C yellow 5 does what?
increased urinary zinc excretion
behavioral changes were more intense the more zinc was excreted
can affect brain without crossing BBB
bright orange and red colorings are made from what?
cochineal bugs (70,000)
what is the bright orange and red colorings used in?
popsicles strawberry milk cheese mock lobster candy fruit drinks yogurt
what was the red scare of the 1970s?
there was a small study done in Russia that showed Red 2 was toxic to the gonads of rats
FDA couldn’t replicate the study
there was no red M&Ms for a while
what is the yellow dye myth?
rumor in the 1990s that yellow 5 (mountain dew) reduced sperm count and shinks testicles
Delaney clause of 1960
doesn’t allow use of colors, additives or pesticides that have been shown to cause cancer in man or animal
de minimis exception
if the additive had less than a 1 in one million chance of causing cancer, then it could be used
what was the first synthetic color used in 1856 in England?
mauve derived from benzene
the only other purple came from glandular mucus of a certain strain of mollusks, so it was much more expensive
which uses color, butter or margarine?
both!
who was Freidrich Accum?
called out all industries who were using colors in their products
What is the definition of “natural” color additives?
extracted from food and non-food items
what is the definition of “color additives”?
synthetically produced
what are dioxins and PCBs?
released into environment from forest fires, burning of trash, industrial activities, residue from past commercial burning of waste
break of very slowly
banned in 1977, but the pollutants still persist
where are dioxins andPCBs found?
agent orange
where are humans exposed to dioxins most of the time?
foods
animal fats associated with eating beef, port, poultry, fish, milk and diary products
