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Toxicology Test 2 > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of tobacco?

A

cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, hookah

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2
Q

What is the leading cause of preventable illness and death in the US?

A

tobacco

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3
Q

What types of disease does tobacco cause?

A

emphysema, bronchitits, lung, throat, mouth, nasal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, bladder, cervical cancer, acute myeloid leukemia

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4
Q

What percent of COPD deaths are due to smoking?

A

80%

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5
Q

Cigarrette smoking causes how many deaths per year?

A

443,000

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6
Q

about how many deaths per year are due to second hand smoke?

A

50,000

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7
Q

What percent of men and women have lung cancer deaths due to smoking?

A

men=90%

women=80%

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8
Q

what are the demographic trends for tobacco use?

A

men more than women
unemployed more likely
poor are more likely
uninsured or medicaid are 2x likely to be smokers
people who haven’t completed high school
full time college students are less likely to be smokers

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9
Q

tobacco and coffee together can increase the clearance of what?

A

theophylline, clozapine, estrogen, coumadin, luvox, naproxen

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10
Q

smoking speeds up the same enzymes needed to clear what other drug?

A

caffeine

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11
Q

what is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the US?

A

alcohol

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12
Q

what drug abuse is a common problem, that is left untreated?

A

alcohol abuse

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13
Q

what is the number one drug problem in america?

A

alcohol abuse, as measured by injury, deaths and economic costs

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14
Q

define problem drinkers

A

those who experience personal, interpersonal, legal or financial problems because of alcohol use

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15
Q

define alcoholism

A

physical dependance and loss of controll

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16
Q

define blood alcohol concentration

A

percentge of concentration of alcohol in blood

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17
Q

what is the legal limit for alcohol in every state?

A

0.08%

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18
Q

what are the alcohol consumption demographics?

A

more abused by men
whites more likely to drink
alcohol USE higher for full-time employed adults
HEAVY USE is higher in the unemployed
alcohol use increases with the increased levels of education
continues to be a health concern among pregnant women

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19
Q

what are the harmful health effects of alcohol?

A

increases risk for unintentional injuries
contributes to intentional violence
alcohol is the number 1 rape drug

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20
Q

binge/heavy drinking causes what?

A

increased risks for liver cirrhosis, brain damage, cancer, heart disease, injury and depression

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21
Q

what is the definition of binge drinking?

A

anything over 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men

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22
Q

what kind of effects can alcohol have on a developing fetus?

A

physical and mental disabilities
neurodevelopmental disorders
birth defects
(ex: small eye openings, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip

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23
Q

drug definition

A

substance (other than food or vitamins) that, when taken in small quantities, alters one’s physical, mental or emotional state

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24
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that alter sensory perceptions, mood, though processes or behavior

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25
Q

drug misuse

A

inappropriate use of prescription and nonprescription drugs

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26
Q

drug abuse

A

taking of a drug for non-medically approved purpose
continued use of a legal drug with the knowledge that it is hazardous to one’s health
the use of alcohol and nicrotine by those who are under age

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27
Q

drug dependance

A

when one believes that a particular drug is necessary for normal functioning

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28
Q

physical drug dependance

A

intense physical disturbances when the drug is no londer used

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29
Q

psychological drug dependance

A

consumption of the subtance produces pleasure or avoids discomfort, resulting in a feeling of satisfaction and psychic drive

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30
Q

drug tolerance

A

higher doses of a drug needed to achieve the original effect

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31
Q

legal types of drugs

A

alcohol, nicotine, nonprescription drugs, and prescription drugs

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32
Q

illegal types of drugs

A

stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogens, marijuana, etc

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33
Q

what are the demographics of drug abuse?

A

males 10.2%, females 6.1%
males are 2x more likely to abuse marijuana
prescrption drug abuse is similar in both genders

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34
Q

what percent of pregnant women ages 15 to 44 years use illicit drugs?

A

4%

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35
Q

drug abuse is lower among which demographic?

A

college graduates

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36
Q

drug abuse is higher among which demographic?

A

unemployed adults

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37
Q

how can one misuse legal OTC drugs?

A

not following dosage instructions, taking drugs after the expiration dates

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38
Q

how can one misuse legal prescription drugs?

A

similar to OTC

giving one person’s prescrption drug to another

39
Q

what are the concerns with prescription drug misuse?

A

dependance, adverse drug ractions, creating drug resistant pathogens

40
Q

what is the efinition of a controlled substance?

A

drugs regulated by the comprehensive drug abuse control act of 1970

41
Q

what agency is responsible for enforcing the comprehensive drug abuse control act?

A

DEA

42
Q

concerns of abusing illegal drugs

A

illegal, detrimental to health, brings people in contract with those involved in illegal activites, often involves polydrug use

43
Q

resulting health problems of using illegal drugs

A

many acute health efects, chronic health conditions

44
Q

what is the most widely abused narcotic?

A

heroin

45
Q

types of illegal drugs abused

A 
cocaine and crack
hallucinogens
stimulants
depressants
club drugs
designer drugs
bath salts
anabolic drugs
inhalants
46
Q

what illegal drug is a potent stimulant?

A

cocain and crack

47
Q

describe what hallucinogens do

A

changes one’s perceptions of the environment

synesthesia

48
Q

describe what stimulants do

A

increase activity of CNS

49
Q

describe what depressants do?

A

decrease activity of CNS, lower aniety

50
Q

why were designer drugs created?

A

to get around eisting drug laws

51
Q

describe anabolic drugs

A

protein-building drugs

shortcut to building muscle or to maturity

52
Q

describe inhalants

A

psychoactive, breathable chemicals

53
Q

most skin disorders related to toins come from what?

A

agriculture, forestry, fishing

54
Q

pneumoconiosis related to toxins comes from what?

A

inhalation of mineral or metallic particles/dusts

55
Q

coal workers’ pneumoconiosis

A

AKA black lung disease

coal dust inhalation

56
Q

asbestosis

A

leads to lung cancer and mesothelioma

inhalation of asbestos dust

57
Q

silicosis

A

inhalation of crystalline silica

workers in mines, stone quarries, glass manufacturing

58
Q

byssinosis

A

aka brown lung disease
inhalation of dust from cotton, flax, hemp
tetile factory workders

59
Q

woolsorter’s disease

A

pulmonary infection from inhalation of anthrax

workders who deal with wool and animal hides

60
Q

what is the number one cause of accidental poisoning deaths in the US?

A

carbon monoxide

61
Q

early symptoms of carbon monoxide poinsoning

A

headaches, nausea, fatigue, often mistaken for the flu because the deadly gas goes undetected in a home

62
Q

prolonged exposure with carbon monoide can lead to what?

A

brain damage and even death

63
Q

carbon monoxide is what kind of poison?

A

colorless, odorless gas

64
Q

radon is what kind of poison?

A

naturally occuring, odorless, colorless gas

65
Q

how is radon produced?

A

breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water

66
Q

how can radon get into a house?

A

enter buildings through openings or cracks in the foundation

67
Q

where does exposure of radon generally occur?

A

home or workplace

68
Q

what is the number 2 cause of lung cancer overall?

A

radon

69
Q

what is the number 1 cause of lung cancer in non-smokers?

A

radon

70
Q

what kind of poison is arsenic?

A

colorless, odorless heavy metal

71
Q

how does arsenic kill?

A

large amounts kill quickly

small, long term exposure can lead to much slower death or other illness

72
Q

what kinds of illness can be caused by arsenic poisoning?

A

cancer, diabetes, thickening of the skin, liver disease, GI problems, paresthesia, hearing difficulties

73
Q

what are the steps in heavy metal toxicity?

A
  1. metallic taste in mouth, ecessive saliva production, problems swallowing
  2. vomiting and diarrhea, garlic-like breath, stomach cramps, excessive sweating
  3. seizures and shock, death within a few hours
74
Q

how are humans exposed to mercury?

A

mercury contaminated fish, direct exposure

75
Q

what is the FDA limit for human consumption of mercury?

A

1 part per million

76
Q

what fish have the most mercury in them?

A

shark, tuna, swordfish

77
Q

pregnant women should not consume more than how much tuna per week?

A

> 7oz

78
Q

mercury is what kind of toxin?

A

neurotoxin

79
Q

what can excessive mercury levels do?

A

permanently damage or fatally injur the brain and kidneys

80
Q

what happens to children when pregnant women are exposed to too much mercury?

A

memory, attention, language

81
Q

lead exposure occurs mainly through what?

A

pain, making of car batteries

82
Q

what are the symptoms of lead poisoning in children?

A

blue gums
low levels: decreased IQ, learning disabilities, ADHD, behavioral problems, stunted growth, impaired hearing, kidney damage
high levels: mental retardation, coma, death

83
Q

what are the symptoms of lead poisoning in adults?

A

increased blood pressure, fertility problems, nerve disorders, muscle and joint pain, irritability, emory or concentration problems

84
Q

can aluminum accumulated in the body’s tissues?

A

yes

85
Q

what part of the body does aluminum be toxic to?

A

brain and nervous systems

86
Q

the biggest source of aluminum comes from what?

A

municipal water supplies

87
Q

what are the symptoms of aluminum poisoning?

A

colic, digestive problems, extreme nervousness, anemia, headaches, memory loss, speech problems, aching muscles, impaired calcium metabolism
(mimic Alzheimer’s disease), kidney dysfunction, seizures, reduced mental altertness

88
Q

industrial solvents/lubricants/byproducts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals

A

dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls

89
Q

plastic endocrine-disrupting chemicals

A

bisphenol A

90
Q

pesticide endocrine-disrupting chemicals

A

DDT, atrazine

91
Q

pharmaceutical agents that are endocrine disrupting chemicals

A

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

92
Q

plasticizers that are endocrine-disrupting chemicals

A

phthalates

93
Q

preservatives that are endocrine-disrupting chemicals

A

parabens

Toxicology Test 2 (3 decks)

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