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Toxicology Test 2 > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of tobacco?

A

cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, hookah

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2
Q

What is the leading cause of preventable illness and death in the US?

A

tobacco

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3
Q

What types of disease does tobacco cause?

A

emphysema, bronchitits, lung, throat, mouth, nasal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, bladder, cervical cancer, acute myeloid leukemia

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4
Q

What percent of COPD deaths are due to smoking?

A

80%

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5
Q

Cigarrette smoking causes how many deaths per year?

A

443,000

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6
Q

about how many deaths per year are due to second hand smoke?

A

50,000

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7
Q

What percent of men and women have lung cancer deaths due to smoking?

A

men=90%

women=80%

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8
Q

what are the demographic trends for tobacco use?

A

men more than women
unemployed more likely
poor are more likely
uninsured or medicaid are 2x likely to be smokers
people who haven’t completed high school
full time college students are less likely to be smokers

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9
Q

tobacco and coffee together can increase the clearance of what?

A

theophylline, clozapine, estrogen, coumadin, luvox, naproxen

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10
Q

smoking speeds up the same enzymes needed to clear what other drug?

A

caffeine

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11
Q

what is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the US?

A

alcohol

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12
Q

what drug abuse is a common problem, that is left untreated?

A

alcohol abuse

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13
Q

what is the number one drug problem in america?

A

alcohol abuse, as measured by injury, deaths and economic costs

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14
Q

define problem drinkers

A

those who experience personal, interpersonal, legal or financial problems because of alcohol use

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15
Q

define alcoholism

A

physical dependance and loss of controll

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16
Q

define blood alcohol concentration

A

percentge of concentration of alcohol in blood

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17
Q

what is the legal limit for alcohol in every state?

A

0.08%

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18
Q

what are the alcohol consumption demographics?

A

more abused by men
whites more likely to drink
alcohol USE higher for full-time employed adults
HEAVY USE is higher in the unemployed
alcohol use increases with the increased levels of education
continues to be a health concern among pregnant women

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19
Q

what are the harmful health effects of alcohol?

A

increases risk for unintentional injuries
contributes to intentional violence
alcohol is the number 1 rape drug

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20
Q

binge/heavy drinking causes what?

A

increased risks for liver cirrhosis, brain damage, cancer, heart disease, injury and depression

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21
Q

what is the definition of binge drinking?

A

anything over 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men

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22
Q

what kind of effects can alcohol have on a developing fetus?

A

physical and mental disabilities
neurodevelopmental disorders
birth defects
(ex: small eye openings, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip

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23
Q

drug definition

A

substance (other than food or vitamins) that, when taken in small quantities, alters one’s physical, mental or emotional state

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24
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that alter sensory perceptions, mood, though processes or behavior

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25
drug misuse
inappropriate use of prescription and nonprescription drugs
26
drug abuse
taking of a drug for non-medically approved purpose continued use of a legal drug with the knowledge that it is hazardous to one's health the use of alcohol and nicrotine by those who are under age
27
drug dependance
when one believes that a particular drug is necessary for normal functioning
28
physical drug dependance
intense physical disturbances when the drug is no londer used
29
psychological drug dependance
consumption of the subtance produces pleasure or avoids discomfort, resulting in a feeling of satisfaction and psychic drive
30
drug tolerance
higher doses of a drug needed to achieve the original effect
31
legal types of drugs
alcohol, nicotine, nonprescription drugs, and prescription drugs
32
illegal types of drugs
stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogens, marijuana, etc
33
what are the demographics of drug abuse?
males 10.2%, females 6.1% males are 2x more likely to abuse marijuana prescrption drug abuse is similar in both genders
34
what percent of pregnant women ages 15 to 44 years use illicit drugs?
4%
35
drug abuse is lower among which demographic?
college graduates
36
drug abuse is higher among which demographic?
unemployed adults
37
how can one misuse legal OTC drugs?
not following dosage instructions, taking drugs after the expiration dates
38
how can one misuse legal prescription drugs?
similar to OTC | giving one person's prescrption drug to another
39
what are the concerns with prescription drug misuse?
dependance, adverse drug ractions, creating drug resistant pathogens
40
what is the efinition of a controlled substance?
drugs regulated by the comprehensive drug abuse control act of 1970
41
what agency is responsible for enforcing the comprehensive drug abuse control act?
DEA
42
concerns of abusing illegal drugs
illegal, detrimental to health, brings people in contract with those involved in illegal activites, often involves polydrug use
43
resulting health problems of using illegal drugs
many acute health efects, chronic health conditions
44
what is the most widely abused narcotic?
heroin
45
types of illegal drugs abused
``` cocaine and crack hallucinogens stimulants depressants club drugs designer drugs bath salts anabolic drugs inhalants ```
46
what illegal drug is a potent stimulant?
cocain and crack
47
describe what hallucinogens do
changes one's perceptions of the environment | synesthesia
48
describe what stimulants do
increase activity of CNS
49
describe what depressants do?
decrease activity of CNS, lower aniety
50
why were designer drugs created?
to get around eisting drug laws
51
describe anabolic drugs
protein-building drugs | shortcut to building muscle or to maturity
52
describe inhalants
psychoactive, breathable chemicals
53
most skin disorders related to toins come from what?
agriculture, forestry, fishing
54
pneumoconiosis related to toxins comes from what?
inhalation of mineral or metallic particles/dusts
55
coal workers' pneumoconiosis
AKA black lung disease | coal dust inhalation
56
asbestosis
leads to lung cancer and mesothelioma | inhalation of asbestos dust
57
silicosis
inhalation of crystalline silica | workers in mines, stone quarries, glass manufacturing
58
byssinosis
aka brown lung disease inhalation of dust from cotton, flax, hemp tetile factory workders
59
woolsorter's disease
pulmonary infection from inhalation of anthrax | workders who deal with wool and animal hides
60
what is the number one cause of accidental poisoning deaths in the US?
carbon monoxide
61
early symptoms of carbon monoxide poinsoning
headaches, nausea, fatigue, often mistaken for the flu because the deadly gas goes undetected in a home
62
prolonged exposure with carbon monoide can lead to what?
brain damage and even death
63
carbon monoxide is what kind of poison?
colorless, odorless gas
64
radon is what kind of poison?
naturally occuring, odorless, colorless gas
65
how is radon produced?
breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water
66
how can radon get into a house?
enter buildings through openings or cracks in the foundation
67
where does exposure of radon generally occur?
home or workplace
68
what is the number 2 cause of lung cancer overall?
radon
69
what is the number 1 cause of lung cancer in non-smokers?
radon
70
what kind of poison is arsenic?
colorless, odorless heavy metal
71
how does arsenic kill?
large amounts kill quickly | small, long term exposure can lead to much slower death or other illness
72
what kinds of illness can be caused by arsenic poisoning?
cancer, diabetes, thickening of the skin, liver disease, GI problems, paresthesia, hearing difficulties
73
what are the steps in heavy metal toxicity?
1. metallic taste in mouth, ecessive saliva production, problems swallowing 2. vomiting and diarrhea, garlic-like breath, stomach cramps, excessive sweating 3. seizures and shock, death within a few hours
74
how are humans exposed to mercury?
mercury contaminated fish, direct exposure
75
what is the FDA limit for human consumption of mercury?
1 part per million
76
what fish have the most mercury in them?
shark, tuna, swordfish
77
pregnant women should not consume more than how much tuna per week?
>7oz
78
mercury is what kind of toxin?
neurotoxin
79
what can excessive mercury levels do?
permanently damage or fatally injur the brain and kidneys
80
what happens to children when pregnant women are exposed to too much mercury?
memory, attention, language
81
lead exposure occurs mainly through what?
pain, making of car batteries
82
what are the symptoms of lead poisoning in children?
blue gums low levels: decreased IQ, learning disabilities, ADHD, behavioral problems, stunted growth, impaired hearing, kidney damage high levels: mental retardation, coma, death
83
what are the symptoms of lead poisoning in adults?
increased blood pressure, fertility problems, nerve disorders, muscle and joint pain, irritability, emory or concentration problems
84
can aluminum accumulated in the body's tissues?
yes
85
what part of the body does aluminum be toxic to?
brain and nervous systems
86
the biggest source of aluminum comes from what?
municipal water supplies
87
what are the symptoms of aluminum poisoning?
colic, digestive problems, extreme nervousness, anemia, headaches, memory loss, speech problems, aching muscles, impaired calcium metabolism (mimic Alzheimer's disease), kidney dysfunction, seizures, reduced mental altertness
88
industrial solvents/lubricants/byproducts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals
dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls
89
plastic endocrine-disrupting chemicals
bisphenol A
90
pesticide endocrine-disrupting chemicals
DDT, atrazine
91
pharmaceutical agents that are endocrine disrupting chemicals
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
92
plasticizers that are endocrine-disrupting chemicals
phthalates
93
preservatives that are endocrine-disrupting chemicals
parabens

Toxicology Test 2 (3 decks)

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