Part 1 Flashcards
What are the types of tobacco?
cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, hookah
What is the leading cause of preventable illness and death in the US?
tobacco
What types of disease does tobacco cause?
emphysema, bronchitits, lung, throat, mouth, nasal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, bladder, cervical cancer, acute myeloid leukemia
What percent of COPD deaths are due to smoking?
80%
Cigarrette smoking causes how many deaths per year?
443,000
about how many deaths per year are due to second hand smoke?
50,000
What percent of men and women have lung cancer deaths due to smoking?
men=90%
women=80%
what are the demographic trends for tobacco use?
men more than women
unemployed more likely
poor are more likely
uninsured or medicaid are 2x likely to be smokers
people who haven’t completed high school
full time college students are less likely to be smokers
tobacco and coffee together can increase the clearance of what?
theophylline, clozapine, estrogen, coumadin, luvox, naproxen
smoking speeds up the same enzymes needed to clear what other drug?
caffeine
what is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the US?
alcohol
what drug abuse is a common problem, that is left untreated?
alcohol abuse
what is the number one drug problem in america?
alcohol abuse, as measured by injury, deaths and economic costs
define problem drinkers
those who experience personal, interpersonal, legal or financial problems because of alcohol use
define alcoholism
physical dependance and loss of controll
define blood alcohol concentration
percentge of concentration of alcohol in blood
what is the legal limit for alcohol in every state?
0.08%
what are the alcohol consumption demographics?
more abused by men
whites more likely to drink
alcohol USE higher for full-time employed adults
HEAVY USE is higher in the unemployed
alcohol use increases with the increased levels of education
continues to be a health concern among pregnant women
what are the harmful health effects of alcohol?
increases risk for unintentional injuries
contributes to intentional violence
alcohol is the number 1 rape drug
binge/heavy drinking causes what?
increased risks for liver cirrhosis, brain damage, cancer, heart disease, injury and depression
what is the definition of binge drinking?
anything over 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men
what kind of effects can alcohol have on a developing fetus?
physical and mental disabilities
neurodevelopmental disorders
birth defects
(ex: small eye openings, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip
drug definition
substance (other than food or vitamins) that, when taken in small quantities, alters one’s physical, mental or emotional state
psychoactive drugs
drugs that alter sensory perceptions, mood, though processes or behavior
drug misuse
inappropriate use of prescription and nonprescription drugs
drug abuse
taking of a drug for non-medically approved purpose
continued use of a legal drug with the knowledge that it is hazardous to one’s health
the use of alcohol and nicrotine by those who are under age
drug dependance
when one believes that a particular drug is necessary for normal functioning
physical drug dependance
intense physical disturbances when the drug is no londer used
psychological drug dependance
consumption of the subtance produces pleasure or avoids discomfort, resulting in a feeling of satisfaction and psychic drive
drug tolerance
higher doses of a drug needed to achieve the original effect
legal types of drugs
alcohol, nicotine, nonprescription drugs, and prescription drugs
illegal types of drugs
stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogens, marijuana, etc
what are the demographics of drug abuse?
males 10.2%, females 6.1%
males are 2x more likely to abuse marijuana
prescrption drug abuse is similar in both genders
what percent of pregnant women ages 15 to 44 years use illicit drugs?
4%
drug abuse is lower among which demographic?
college graduates
drug abuse is higher among which demographic?
unemployed adults
how can one misuse legal OTC drugs?
not following dosage instructions, taking drugs after the expiration dates
how can one misuse legal prescription drugs?
similar to OTC
giving one person’s prescrption drug to another
what are the concerns with prescription drug misuse?
dependance, adverse drug ractions, creating drug resistant pathogens
what is the efinition of a controlled substance?
drugs regulated by the comprehensive drug abuse control act of 1970
what agency is responsible for enforcing the comprehensive drug abuse control act?
DEA
concerns of abusing illegal drugs
illegal, detrimental to health, brings people in contract with those involved in illegal activites, often involves polydrug use
resulting health problems of using illegal drugs
many acute health efects, chronic health conditions
what is the most widely abused narcotic?
heroin
types of illegal drugs abused
cocaine and crack hallucinogens stimulants depressants club drugs designer drugs bath salts anabolic drugs inhalants
what illegal drug is a potent stimulant?
cocain and crack
describe what hallucinogens do
changes one’s perceptions of the environment
synesthesia
describe what stimulants do
increase activity of CNS
describe what depressants do?
decrease activity of CNS, lower aniety
why were designer drugs created?
to get around eisting drug laws
describe anabolic drugs
protein-building drugs
shortcut to building muscle or to maturity
describe inhalants
psychoactive, breathable chemicals
most skin disorders related to toins come from what?
agriculture, forestry, fishing
pneumoconiosis related to toxins comes from what?
inhalation of mineral or metallic particles/dusts
coal workers’ pneumoconiosis
AKA black lung disease
coal dust inhalation
asbestosis
leads to lung cancer and mesothelioma
inhalation of asbestos dust
silicosis
inhalation of crystalline silica
workers in mines, stone quarries, glass manufacturing
byssinosis
aka brown lung disease
inhalation of dust from cotton, flax, hemp
tetile factory workders
woolsorter’s disease
pulmonary infection from inhalation of anthrax
workders who deal with wool and animal hides
what is the number one cause of accidental poisoning deaths in the US?
carbon monoxide
early symptoms of carbon monoxide poinsoning
headaches, nausea, fatigue, often mistaken for the flu because the deadly gas goes undetected in a home
prolonged exposure with carbon monoide can lead to what?
brain damage and even death
carbon monoxide is what kind of poison?
colorless, odorless gas
radon is what kind of poison?
naturally occuring, odorless, colorless gas
how is radon produced?
breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water
how can radon get into a house?
enter buildings through openings or cracks in the foundation
where does exposure of radon generally occur?
home or workplace
what is the number 2 cause of lung cancer overall?
radon
what is the number 1 cause of lung cancer in non-smokers?
radon
what kind of poison is arsenic?
colorless, odorless heavy metal
how does arsenic kill?
large amounts kill quickly
small, long term exposure can lead to much slower death or other illness
what kinds of illness can be caused by arsenic poisoning?
cancer, diabetes, thickening of the skin, liver disease, GI problems, paresthesia, hearing difficulties
what are the steps in heavy metal toxicity?
- metallic taste in mouth, ecessive saliva production, problems swallowing
- vomiting and diarrhea, garlic-like breath, stomach cramps, excessive sweating
- seizures and shock, death within a few hours
how are humans exposed to mercury?
mercury contaminated fish, direct exposure
what is the FDA limit for human consumption of mercury?
1 part per million
what fish have the most mercury in them?
shark, tuna, swordfish
pregnant women should not consume more than how much tuna per week?
> 7oz
mercury is what kind of toxin?
neurotoxin
what can excessive mercury levels do?
permanently damage or fatally injur the brain and kidneys
what happens to children when pregnant women are exposed to too much mercury?
memory, attention, language
lead exposure occurs mainly through what?
pain, making of car batteries
what are the symptoms of lead poisoning in children?
blue gums
low levels: decreased IQ, learning disabilities, ADHD, behavioral problems, stunted growth, impaired hearing, kidney damage
high levels: mental retardation, coma, death
what are the symptoms of lead poisoning in adults?
increased blood pressure, fertility problems, nerve disorders, muscle and joint pain, irritability, emory or concentration problems
can aluminum accumulated in the body’s tissues?
yes
what part of the body does aluminum be toxic to?
brain and nervous systems
the biggest source of aluminum comes from what?
municipal water supplies
what are the symptoms of aluminum poisoning?
colic, digestive problems, extreme nervousness, anemia, headaches, memory loss, speech problems, aching muscles, impaired calcium metabolism
(mimic Alzheimer’s disease), kidney dysfunction, seizures, reduced mental altertness
industrial solvents/lubricants/byproducts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals
dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls
plastic endocrine-disrupting chemicals
bisphenol A
pesticide endocrine-disrupting chemicals
DDT, atrazine
pharmaceutical agents that are endocrine disrupting chemicals
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
plasticizers that are endocrine-disrupting chemicals
phthalates
preservatives that are endocrine-disrupting chemicals
parabens
