Part 2

Question 1

27.In what infection is a child’s red bone marrow under threat of complete destruction, if the child is already suffering with a bone marrow disorder (e.g. Sickle cell trait, Sickle cell anemia, Pernicious Anemia, Hereditary Spherocytosis, Iron deficiency anemia and etc.)


Answer 1

Fifth disease (Erythema Infectiosum)


Question 2

28.What is the management of Fifth disease (Erythema Infectiosum) in an otherwise healthy child?


Answer 2

Masterly inactivity

Question 3

29.What is the causative microorganism of Fifth disease (Erythema Infectiosum)?


Answer 3

Parvo virus B19

Question 4

30.What is the most common human enzyme defect (it is in fact found in the Red blood cells)?


Answer 4

G6PD deficiency

Question 5

31.How many people in the planet on the average suffer with G6PD deficiency?


Answer 5

400 million

Question 6

32.97% of the content of a red blood cell (discounting water) is a protein called

Answer 6

Hemoglobin

Question 7

33.Hemoglobin has a reversible relationship with

Answer 7

Oxygen

Question 8

34.What protein present in the membrane of a RBC confers the ability of “Dexterity of movement”, whereby the RBC can change its shape and squeeze itself through Narrow spaces?


Answer 8

Spectrin (along with Ankyrin)


Question 9

35.In what genetic disorder Spectrin is malformed?


Answer 9

Hereditary Spherocytosis


Question 10

36.Where is Hereditary Spherocytosis more prevalent?


Answer 10

Northern Europe and Japan

Question 11

37.Hemoglobin is composed of:


Answer 11

a. Four globin chains

Question 12

What are the four globin chains?

Answer 12

i. Alpha 1
ii. Alpha 2
iii. Beta 1
iv. Beta 2


Question 13

38. What is the last immature form of a red blood cell?


Answer 13

Reticulocyte

Question 14

What is the percentage of Reticulocytes compared to Red blood cells:

Answer 14

1%

Question 15

Function of Reticulocyte

Answer 15

It serves as a pole star/compass of Red Bone marrow function (with reference to the Red Blood Cells)


Question 16

39. Normal red blood cell counts:


Answer 16

Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells/mcl
• Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcl


Question 17

39. What organ of the body commands the red bone marrow to produce an adequate number of red blood cells?


Answer 17

Kidney

Question 18

40. In response to low oxygen levels in the blood, the kidney produces a hormone?

What does it do?

Answer 18

“Erythropoietin” that stimulates the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells


Question 19

41. Why all patients with end stage/advanced stage kidney disease present with Anemia?


Answer 19

As the Kidney is sick, adequate levels of “Erythropoietin” are not produced.


Question 20

44. How much Iron is absorbed from the GIT system every day?


Answer 20

1-2mg

Question 21

45. How much Iron is lost from the human body every day?


Answer 21

1-2 mg

Question 22

46. What is the average storage amount of Iron in the human body?


Answer 22

4-5 g

Question 23

47. Most of the Iron in the Human body is reserved at this location?


Answer 23

Hemoglobin

Question 24

48. What is the life span of RBCs?


Answer 24

120 days

Question 25

49. Once red blood cells are lysed, what is released?


Answer 25

Hemoglobin

Question 26

50. What is hemoglobin broken into?


Answer 26

Heme and globin

Question 27

26.What is Red bone marrow composed of?
A | B

Answer 27

a. 50% fat cells
b.50% hematopoietic tissue


Question 28

How do you treat anemia?

Answer 28

Erythropoietin

Question 29

How is Erythropoietin produced

Answer 29

Via recombinant DNA technology

Question 30

43. Why all patients with a COPD have excessive number of red blood cells in their blood?


Answer 30

43. All individuals with COPD cannot exchange oxygen due to advanced lung disease. produce excessive amount of Erythropoietin (the hormone produced by the Kidney that regulates the production of Red Blood cells from the red bone marrow).

Question 31

Hemoglobin: Each Globin chain in its center has a

Answer 31

Heme group

Question 32

Hemoglobin: Each Heme group in its center has an

Answer 32

Iron

Question 33

Hemoglobin: Iron found in the center of the heme group is of the

Answer 33

Ferrous kind Fe ++

Question 34

Hemoglobin: If because of an oxidative event the Iron changes from the normal Ferrous - Fe++ type to the abnormal Ferric - Fe+++ kind, the resultant hemoglobin is termed

Answer 34

Methemoglobin

Question 35

Hemoglobin: Methemoglobin is incapable of binding to

Answer 35

Oxygen

Question 36

As there are four globin chains (in a molecule of hemoglobin) with a heme group on each one of them, therefore, How many molecules of oxygen can bind an be transported by a hemoglobin?

Answer 36

Four molecules of oxygen can bind and be transported by a molecule of hemoglobin