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Biology 113 > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Phylogeny

A

History of evolutionary relationships among organisms or their genes

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1
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Existence of highly conserved developmental genes makes it likely that similar traits will evolve repeatedly, especially among closely related species

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2
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Diagram that portrays a reconstruction of history of evolutionary relationships among organisms or their genes

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3
Q

Node

A

Branching point in a phylogenetic tree; ie when species lineages divide into 3 by speciation

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4
Q

Root

A

Common ancestor of all the organisms in the tree

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5
Q

Taxon (plural taxa)

A

Any species or group of species that we designate or name; ie humans

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6
Q

Clade

A

Any taxon that consists of an ancestor and all of its evolutionary descendants

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7
Q

Sister species

A

2 species that are each other’s closest relatives

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8
Q

Sister clades

A

Any 2 clades that are each other’s closest relatives

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9
Q

Systematics

A

Study and classification of biodiversity

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10
Q

Tree of life

A

Complete evolutionary history of life

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11
Q

Homologous

A

Any features shared by 2 or more species that have been inherited from a common ancestor

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12
Q

Ancestral trait

A

Trait that was present in the ancestor of a group is known

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13
Q

Derived trait

A

Trait found in a descendant that differs from its ancestral form

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14
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Derived traits that are shared among a group of organisms and are viewed as evidence of the common ancestry of that group

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15
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Phenomenon where independently evolved traits subjected to similar selection pressures may become superficially similar

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16
Q

Evolutionary reversal

A

Character may revert from a derived state back to an ancestral state

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17
Q

Ingroup

A

Group of organisms of primary interest in phylogenetic analysis

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18
Q

Outgroup

A

Compared with the ingroup; species or group that is closely related to the ingroup but is known to be phylogenetically outside it; root of the tree is located between the ingroup and the outgroup

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19
Q

Parsimony

A

Preferred explanation of our observations is the simplest explanation

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20
Q

Morphology

A

Presence, size, shape, and other attributes of body parts; important source of phylogenetic information

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21
Q

Maximum likelihood

A

Methods that identify the tree that is most likely to have produced the observed data, given the assumptions of the model

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22
Q

Molecular clock

A

Average rate at which a given gene or protein accumulates changes, and this rate of change can be used to gauge the time of a particular split in phylogeny

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23
Q

Genus (plural genera)

A

Group of closely related species; ie Homo in Homo sapiens

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24
Q

Family

A

Taxon above the genus in the Linnaean system; suffix “-idae”

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25
Q

Monophyletic

A

Expectation that taxon contains an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor, and no other organisms

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26
Q

Geological time scale

A

Evolutionary changes, such as the appearance of new species and evolutionary lineages

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27
Q

Strata (singular stratum)

A

Oldest layers of rock lying at the bottom

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28
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Steno observations of fossils in sedimentary rocks; 3 principles

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29
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Radioactive isotopes of elements that decay in a predictable pattern over long periods

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30
Q

Half-life

A

Specific time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioisotope decay to become a different, stable (nonradioactive) isotope

31
Q

Radiometric dating

A

Using half-life and radioisotopes to date fossils and rocks

32
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Formed when molten material cools

33
Q

Eons

A

4 in broad history of life; Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic (Precambrian) + Phanerozoic

34
Q

Continental drift

A

Alfred Wegener theory that Earth’s land masses changed their positions over the millennia

35
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Geophysics of the movement of land masses

36
Q

Lithosphere

A

Stone Sphere; Earth’s crust of several solid continental and thinner oceanic plates

37
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Weak Sphere; malleable layer of Earth’s mantle

38
Q

Subduction

A

Where oceanic plates and continental plates converge, the thinner oceanic plates is forced underneath the thicker continental plate

39
Q

Biota

A

Assemblage of all organisms of all kinds living at a particular time or place

40
Q

Flora

A

All of the plants living at a particular time or place

41
Q

Fauna

A

All of the animals living at a particular time or another place

42
Q

Plankton

A

Small floating oraganisms

43
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Rapid diversification of life that continued for 60 million years

44
Q

Laurasia

A

Large continent of Pangea that drifted northward during the Jurassic period

45
Q

Gondwana

A

Large continent of Pangea that drifted southward during the Jurassic period

46
Q

Epochs

A

Subdivisions of the Cenozoic era periods (Tertiary and Quaternary)

47
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that can mate with one another and produce fertile offspring

48
Q

Speciation

A

Divergence of biological lineages and the emergence of reproductive isolation between those lineages

49
Q

Species concepts

A

Different ways of approaching the question “what are species?”

50
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Species comprises individuals that “look alike”; by Carolus Linnaeus

51
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

State in which two groups of organisms can no longer exchange genes

52
Q

Biological species concept

A

By Ernst Mayr; “species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups”

53
Q

Lineage species concept

A

One species splits into two descendant species, which thereafter evolve as distinct lineages; by evolutionary biologists

54
Q

Lineage

A

Ancestor-descendant series of populations followed over time

55
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation that results when a population is divided by a physical barrier

56
Q

Sister species

A

Species that are each other’s closest relatives may exist on either side of the geographic barrier

57
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation without a physical barrier or isolation

58
Q

Polyploidy

A

Most common means of sympatric speciation; results from the duplication of sets of chromosomes within individuals

59
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

Polyploidy that arises from chromosome duplication in a single species

60
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Polyploidy from the combining of the chromosomes of two different species

61
Q

Reinforcement

A

Strengthening of mechanisms that prevent hybridization

62
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Mechanisms that prevent hybridization from occurring

63
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Mechanisms that reduce that fitness of hybrid offspring

64
Q

Evolutionary radiation

A

Rapid proliferation of a large number of descendant species from a single ancestor species

65
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Rapid proliferation of species results in an array of species that live in a variety of environments and differ in characteristics they use to exploit those environments

66
Q

Polygynous

A

Mating system in which a male has more than 1 mate

67
Q

Polyandrous

A

Mating system in which a female has more than 1 mate

68
Q

Altruistic (?)

A

Behavior is favored because increases fitness of performer but benefits another individual at a cost to the performer (?)

69
Q

Direct fitness

A

Fitness gained by producing offspring

70
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Individuals direct fitness plus its indirect fitness

71
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Reproductive success of the individual’s relatives, to the extent that those relatives share the individual’s alleles

72
Q

Kin selection

A

Selection for behaviors that increase the reproductive success of relatives even when they come at a cost to the game performer; driven by maximization of inclusive fitness

73
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

W.D. Hamilton’s formalized concept of kin selection; argues that for an apparent altruistic behavior to be adaptive, the fitness benefit of that act to the recipient times the degree of relatedness between the performer and the recipient has to be greater than the cost to the performer

74
Q

Eusociality

A

Hamilton’s rule applied here; social groups that include nonreproductive individual members; ie- sterile females in bee colonies (Hymenoptera insect group)

75
Q

Haplo-diploidy

A

Sex determination mechanism of hymenopterans in which diploid individuals are female and haploid individuals are male

Biology 113 (2 decks)

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