Part 2 Flashcards
Anaphora
The repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
Allusion
A reference in a written or spoken text to another text or to some particular body of knowledge
Antimetabole
The repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order
Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas, often in parallel structure
Apology
An elaborate statement justifying some controversial, even contentious position
Apostrophe
Type of soliloquy where nature is address as though human
Appeal to authority
In a text, the reference to words, action, or beliefs of a person in authority as a means of supporting claim, generalization, or conclusion
Argument
A carefully constructed, well-supported representation of how a writer sees an issue, problem, or subject
Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds in the stresses syllables of two or more adjacent words
Begging of the question
The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept
Causal relationship
Cause-and-effect relationship
The relationship expressing “if X is the cause, then Y is the effect,” or, “ If Y is the effect then X caused it”
Claim
The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or Enthymeme expresses. The point, backed up by support, of an argument.
Complex sentence
A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound sentence
A sentence with two or more independent clauses
Conflict
The struggle of characters with themselves, with others, or with the world around them
Connotation
The implied meaning of a word, in contrast to its directly expressed “dictionary meaning”
Context
The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors In which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.
Data
As evidence
Facts, statistics, and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.
Denotation
The dictionary definition of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning
Ellipsis
The omission of words, the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of a passage
Epistrophe
The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses
Epithet
A word or phrase adding a characteristic to a persons name
Euphemism
An indirect expression of unpleasant information in such a way as to lessen its impact
Exordium
In ancient roman ocatory, the introduction of a speech, meant to draw the audience into the speech
Figurative Language
Language dominated by the use of schemes and tropes
Generalization
A point that a speaker or writer generates in the basis of considering a number of particular examples
House analogy
In ancient roman oratory, the method that speakers used to memorize their speeches, connecting the indri diction to the porch of a house, the narration and partition to the front foyer, the confirmation and refutation to rooms connected to the foyer, and the conclusion to the back door
Imagery
Language that provokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader
Implied metaphor
A metaphor embedded in a sentence rather than expresses directly as a sentence.
Inference
A conclusion that a reader or listener reaches by means if his or her own thinking rather than by direct statement in a text
Intention
The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text
Also called aim and purpose
Irony
Writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually written or spoken
Jargon
The specialized vocabulary of a particular group
Latinate diction
Vocabulary characterized by the choice of elaborate, often complicated words derived from Latin roots
Litotes
Understatement
Logos
The appeal of a text based on the logical structure of its argument or central ideas
Metonymy
An entity referred to by one of its attributes or associations
Mnemonic device
A systematic aid to memory
Oxymoron
Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings
Paradox
A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless
Parenthesis
An insertion of material that interrupts the typical flow of a sentence
Pathos
The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience
Pentad
Kenneth burkes system for analyzing motives and actions in communication. The five points of the pentad are act, agent, agency, scene, and purpose.
Periphrasis
The substitution of an attributive word or phrase for a proper name, or the use of a proper name to suggest a personality characteristic
Peroration
In ancient roman oratory, the part of the speech in which the speaker would draw together the entire argument and include material designed to compel the audience to think or act in a way consonant with the central argument.
Persona
The character that a writer or speaker conveys to the audience; the plural is personae
Personification
The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects
Recursive
Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process of writing
Refutation
In ancient roman oratory, the part of speech on which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them
Rhetoric
The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation
Simile
A type of comparison that used the word like or as
Stance
A writers or speakers apparent attitude toward the audience
Style
The choices that writers or speakers make in language for effect
Synecdoche
A part of something used to refer to the whole
Zeugma
A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning
