Part 2 Flashcards
Classical civilizations began with invasions and ended with
Dislocations caused by invasions and internal decay
Classical differed from river valley civilizations in all of these ways except
Religiously, classic religions were largely monotheistic or atheistic
Economically, classical empires and cultures
Remained largely agricultural but had considerable commercial contacts
During classical civilizations, cultures
Integrated large regions and diverse cultures
Classical cultures
Survived the collapse of their supporting empires and continued to influence later generations
Although the majority of people were sedentary agriculturalists during the classical period,
Most of the earth was occupied by shifting cultivators, pastoral nomads, or hunter-gatherers
Historically, pastoral nomads
Lived on grassy plains of the continents, where sedentary agriculture was extremely difficult
The single greatest influence on nomadic cultures was
The migratory patterns of their flocks as determined by environment
The social differentiation that occurred in past nomadic societies arose for all of the following reasons except
Emphasis on individual skills
Nomadic peoples
Have been key agents of contact across great distances between sedentary peoples
All of these actions and responses typified contacts between sedentary and nomadic peoples except
Acceptance of each other and each other’s ways of life
Based on historical evidence it seems likely that pastoral nomads such as the Indo-Europeans, the Aryans, Hittites, Hyksos, and Zhou and Qin peoples of China, overcame sedentary peoples through
Superior technologies associated with horses, iron, and chariots
The Chinese explained rebellions, civil wars, and invasions as
The ruler’s loss of the Mandate of Heaven
Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism
Originated as responses to societal problems during times of disruption
Confucian social relationships
Taught its practitioners to seek inner harmony with the natural way
The Qin Dynasty alienated all of these groups except
Trained bureaucrats, who no longer administered government officials
During the Han Dynasty, scholar officials
Instituted a system of examination to prepare professional civil servants
The major difference between the governments of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and later Chinese dynasties was the
Increasing centralization and control within the state
Although they varied greatly in wealth and social status in China,
The commoners, especially the peasants remained the largest group
Chinese women in the Classical Age
At all class levels were legally subordinated to fathers and husbands
Despite their material success and increased wealth,
Merchants in China ranked below peasants and had little societal influence
Chinese belief systems differ from Hinduism and polytheism most in
Their secular outlooks on the world
Geography influenced Greek development because
Each valley and island developed its own political traditions and states
While the types of government in the early Greek poleis (city-states) varied, they were least likely to have been
Theocracies
Athenian democracy was
Limited to makes whose parents had both been born citizens
The most important result of Greek colonization between 750 and 550 B.C.E. was that it
Established Greeks and Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean and it’s adjacent seas
The major impact of Alexander the Great’s conquests was
The spread of Greek culture throughout the Eastern Mediterranean
In comparison to the Hindus, Persians and Chinese, religiously the Greeks
Never developed a major religion
Greek philosophers attempted to understand human nature through
Rational observation and deduction
Greek art and culture emphasized all of these qualities except
Atheism
While Greek society and economics arose out of an agricultural warrior culture, it
Tolerated trade and merchants but remained suspicious of them
Mediterranean agriculture under the Greeks and Romans was
Relied heavily on imported grain stuffs and the export if cash crops
In the Greek classical world, gender norms
Allowed women vital economic roles, but left the male in firm control of the family
Roman classic culture
Borrowed heavily, especially from the Greeks and Hellenistic states
Under the Roman Republic
Roman elites emphasized patron-client relationships, exchanging protection for loyalty and work
Rome successfully expanded for all of these reasons except
It had no organized and powerful rivals to oppose expansion in the area
All of these were consequences of Roman expansion during the last two centuries B.C.E. except
Depopulation of the countryside and cities
The major weakness if Rome’s imperial government was
The lack of a reliable process to determine who would be emperor
Unlike Qin legalist philosophy, Roman imperial law
Rested heavily on toleration and local autonomy
What sentence best describes both Roman and Chinese gender relations?
While subordinated to men, Roman women were considerably freer and less oppressed then were their Chinese counterparts
Far more than classical Greece, India, or China, slavery in Rome
Dominated the labor markets- Rome became dependent on slavery
It is ironic that Rome persecuted the Christians because
Roman law and governmental policies practiced religious toleration
Christianity spread in the Roman Empire for all the following reasons except
It was tolerant towards other religions and faiths
