Part 2 Flashcards
- A permanent or semi-permanent
change in the residence of an
individual person or group of
people
Migration
Two classification of migrants according to specific causes (decision-base):
Voluntary Migrants
Involuntary Migrants
Their own free will motivated them to move
Voluntary Migrants
Forced to move
Involuntary Migrants
- Migration driven by environmental
interactions, such as natural disasters,
resource scarcity, or ecological decline.
Relation: Nature and Humans
- Movement is forced by environmental
pressures (droughts, floods, or diminishing
resources.) - People are “pushed” to leave their current location due to unfavorable ecological conditions.
Migratory Force: Ecological Push
What is the Interdisciplinary Approach of Migration
Historical Path - Man (Knowledge Attitude and Behavior) and Environment <==> Policies
Migration in response to changes to maintain current living conditions.
Conservative Migration
Movement driven by ecological pressures,
such as drought or deteriorating environments.
Example: Farmers relocating due to drought.
Wandering
Migration of nomads and gatherers whose
subsistence requires a wide range of land.
Example: Nomads with portable homes adapted to mobility.
Ranging
Migration as a means of achieving a new way of life or adapting to new conditions.
Innovating Migration
Movement from rural or agricultural areas to new locations, often due to low productivity or overpopulation.
Example: Transitioning to towns or urban centers for a new subsistence pattern.
Fight from the Land
Migration is influenced by state policies and social institutions.
* Policies can encourage or force migration, affecting individuals and societies.
Relation: State and Humans
- Policies shape migration by creating push and pull factors.
- Government actions may impel or force migration through economic, political, or social means.
Migratory Force: Migration Policy
- Caused by external pressures where migrants have little to no choice.
- Examples: War, ethnic cleansing, political oppression.
- Historical Example: The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992-1995) forced thousands of refugees to flee due to ethnic persecution.
Forced Migration: Displacement
- Involves forced labor relocation, often through violent means.
- A historical method of supplying unskilled labor.
- Example: The transatlantic _______ where Africans where taken to work in plantations across the Americas.
Forced Migration: Slave Trade
- Occurs when individuals feel compelled to migrate due to unfavorable conditions.
- They leave voluntarily but under duress.
- Example: Muhammad’s Hegira in AD 622, where he and his followers fled Mecca to escape religious persecution.
Impelled Migration: Flight
- A system resembling forced labor but under contractual obligations.
- Workers are bound for a specific period but often remain due to economic constraints.
- Example: The migration of Asian laborers to plantations under indentured servitude agreements, particularly in the British colonies.
Impelled Migration: Coolie Trade
- Migration driven by personal will and
aspirations, reflecting the influence of
social ideals and cultural norms.
Relation: Humans & Their Norms
- Characterized by voluntary decision-
making and independence, where individuals or groups migrate based on personal goals and motivations.
Class of Migration: Free
- Movement is fueled by the desire for
better social status, personal growth,
or an idealized way of life. - Aspirations often outweigh the risks
involved in migration.
Migratory Force: Higher Aspiration
Small groups led by a figure of authority
(e.g., a pastor) migrate together for
mutual protection and support.
Conservative Migration:
Group Migration
Adventurers or intellectuals take the
lead, motivated by ideals and high
aspirations, clearing the way for future
migrants.
Innovating Migration:
Pioneer Migration
- Migration becomes a social pattern, driven by established trends and shared behaviors, transforming individual decisions into a collective phenomenon.
Relation: Collective Behavior
- Movement is propelled by widespread social expectations, facilitated by improvements in transportation and communication systems.
- Migration evolves into a semi-automatic process influenced by cultural and societal shifts.
Migratory Force: Social Momentum
- A large-scale movement of people,
facilitated by enhanced
infrastructure, where acculturation
and cultural adaptation occur even
before the migration begins
Class of Migration: Mass
Migrants bring their skills and lifestyle
to a new environment and continue
their practices as needed.
Conservative Migration:
Settlement
Migrants move to larger towns or cities,
bringing their skills while integrating
into a new culture and adapting to
urban life.
Innovating Migration:
Urbanization
What century increased global immigration due to easier transportation happened.
20th century
▪ Cause: Crop failure & British inaction led to famine.
▪ Impact: 1M deaths, 1.7M emigrated to Britain & North America.
Irish Immigration (1840s Potato Famine)
- Early Waves: Sephardic Jews to Brazil (1600s); later migrations to North
America. - 19th Century: German Jews fled persecution & revolutions.
- 1880-1924: 3M Jewish immigrants arrived in the U.S.
- WWII & Holocaust: 6M Jews killed, leading to mass migration to Palestine.
- Israel (1948-1960s): Law of Return granted Jewish immigration rights,
leading to economic & social challenges.
Jewish Immigration
- Cause: Israeli state formation &
conflicts. - Impact: 780,000 refugees, ongoing
Palestinian struggle.
Palestinian Displacement (1948, 1967)
- Cause: Gold discovery attracted
Chinese migrants. - Impact: Rising anti-Chinese sentiments
in Australia.
Chinese Immigration & Australian Gold
Rush (1850s)
- European Explorations (1490s-1700s): Spain, England, & France colonized the Americas.
- Indigenous Impact: 90M+
Native Americans pre-1492;
95% decline due to disease &
displacement.
Colonial Era Migrations
▪ Jewish (descendant of Hebrews &
Israelites) communities outside
Israel
Diaspora (Dispersion)
