Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The highest topic level in an ecosystem is Obtain?
Ed by
A
Omnivores
2
Q
How much of Indian land is forest area?
A
3
Q
BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest
Landscapes is managed by the
A
The Bio Carbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest
Landscapes (ISFL) is a multilateral fund, supported by donor
Governments and managed by the World Bank. Norway has
committed maximum $ 135 million, UK $ 120 Million and
the USA $25 million for this fund. This fund seeks to promote
a reduction in Greenhouse gases from the land sector.
4
Q
The concept of greenhouse gases has been Started by
A
Joseph fourier
5
Q
The enforcement of montreal protocol
A
Jan 1989
6
Q
Alpha diversity means
A
a inelogically, alpha diversity means auspicious diversity in sight.Or habit at a local scale
7
Q
Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A) : Climate change is leading to an increase
in social tension in India.
Reason (R) : The frequency and intensity of the
extreme weather events will have
serious repercussions on food security.
Choose the correct answer from codes given below:
Codes :
A
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason
of (A).
8
Q
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),
A
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), defi ned in
Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a country with an emission
reduction or emission limitation commitment under the
Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement an emission
reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can
earn saleable certifi ed emission reduction (CER) credits,
each equivalent to one ton of CO2
, which can be counted
towards meeting Kyoto targets. The CDM was intended to
meet two objectives:
(1) To assist parties not included in Annex I in achieving
sustainable development and in contributing to the
ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is
to prevent dangerous climate change; and
(2) To assist parties included in Annex I in achieving
compliance with their quantifi ed emission limitation
and reduction commitments (greenhouse gas (GHG)
emission caps).
“Annex I” parties are the countries listed in Annex I of the
treaty, the industrialized countries. Non-Annex I parties are
developing countries. Thus, projects under the clean
9
Q
Consider the following statements in respect of Trade
Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce
(TRAFFIC) :
1. TRAFFIC is a bureau under the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP).
2. The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade
in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the
conservation of nature.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A
10
Q
Disaster Management Act was made in
A
Disaster Management Act was passed by the government
of India in 2005 for the ‘effi cient management of disasters
and other matters connected to it. However it came into force
in January 2006. Hence option(c) is correct answer.
11
Q
Which country has the highest percentage of its
geographical area under forest?
A
Japan
12
Q
Amrita Devi Smriti Award is given for:
A
Protection of forests and wildlife
13
Q
National Ganga River Basin Authority has been
constituted in –
A
Government of India has given Ganga the status of
National River and has constituted the National Ganga River
Basin Authority (NGRBA) on 20th February 2009 under
section 3(3) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
14
Q
Consider the following statements :
1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only.
2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India
only.
3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India
only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct
A
) 1 only
Asiatic lion is found naturally in Gir National Park situated
in Gujarat. The Bactrian camel or Double-humped camel is
native of Central Asia. In India it is found in Nubra Valley.
One-horned Rhino is found in India and Nepal both. Hence
option (a) is correct answer
15
Q
amount of energy during the transfer form one tropical level to another in an Ecosystem
A
Decrease
16
Q
- Publication of ‘The Limit to Growth’ Repor
A
1972
17
Q
Publication of Brundtland Commission Report
A
August, 1987
18
Q
Enforcement of Montreal Protoco
A
January, 1989
19
Q
Rio Earth Summ
A
June, 1992
20
Q
The discussion on ‘Sustainable Development’ was started after submitting a report on environment tthe United Nations in 1987. That report was:
A
21
Q
After the submission of the report Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, which was published by World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987, the discussion on ‘Sustainable Development’ was started.
A
22
Q
Environment refers to:
A
The word environment is derived from the French word ‘Environ’ which means to ‘encircle or surround’. The environment is a very broad concept and involves everything that aff ects an organism during its lifetime. It is the totality of all social, biological, physical, and chemical elements individually as well as collectively that compose nature and human-made surroundings. It refers to the total of conditions which surround man at a given point in space and time. The environment is defi ned as the social, cultural and physical conditions that surround, aff ect and infl uence the survival, growth and development of people, animals or plants. As defi ned in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, “environment includes water, air and land and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, microorganisms and property. Hence (d) is the correct answer.
23
Q
The Environment (Protection) Act of India was enacted
A
The Environment (Protection) Act of India was enacted in the year 1986. It extends to the whole of India.
24
Q
Environment is a composite state of
A
The environment may be divided into biotic and abiotic environments. The biotic environment is made up of biotic factors, that is all living things in the environment. The abiotic or physical environment is made up of all the physical factors that aff ect organisms, e.g. temperature, light intensity, the amount of available water etc.
25
. Generally, environment can be classifi ed as following categories. Which among the following is NOT a part of such category?
Generally, environment can be classifi ed as physical, cultural and biological environment. Physical environment includes landforms, water bodies, climate, soils, rocks, minerals, etc. Biological environment includes plants, animals, microorganisms, etc. whereas cultural environment include man-made features such as economical, social and political elements
26
What is blue carbon?What is blue carbo
Blue carbon is simply the term for carbon captured by the world's ocean and coastal ecosystems.Sea grasses, mangroves, and salt marshes along our coast "capture and hold" carbon, acting as something called a carbon sink. These coastal systems, though much smaller in size than the planet's forests, sequester this carbon at a much faster rate, and can continue to do so for millions of year
27
Saving energy and other resources for the future without sacrifi cing people's comfort in the present' is the defi nition of which of the following concepts?
Sustainable development
28
Which of the following Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) will target the water availability for all and its permanent management upto 2030 in India?
SDG - 6
29
The Decade of Sustainable Energy for all is the initiative of:
United Nation
30
Which of the following is a Nodal Institution for implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in India?
NITI (National Institution for Transforming India) Aayog
31
The book ‘Silent Spring’ published in 1962 which set the tone for an environmental movement in the world, was written by:
Rachel Carson
32
The main role of solar radiation is in
c) Water cycle
33
When and where the National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) was established?
1958, Nagpur
34
The 'Common Carbon Metric' supported by UNEP, has been developed for
Common carbon metric for measuring energy use and reporting greenhouse gas emissions from building operations.Leading experts from around the world have, through extensive international cooperation, developed a universal method of measuring a building's carbon footprint.The Common Carbon Metric is the calculation used to defi ne measurement, reporting, and verifi cation for GHG emissions associated with the operation of buildings types of particular climate regions. While it is not a building rating tool, it is consistent with methods for assessing the environmental performance of buildings used globally such as the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), World Resources Institute (WRI) GHG Protocol, etc.
35
Earth Summit’ was held at:
) Rio-de-Janeiro
36
What was the title of the Rio -20 declaration
The future we want
37
The fi rst ‘Earth Summit’ was held
Rio-de-Janeiro
38
32. International Conference held in Rio-de-Janeiro was
(a) United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
39
Noble Gases
Neon (Ne) Helium (He) Krypton Hydrogen
40
Consider the following : 1. Photosynthesis 2. Respiration 3. Decay of organic matter 4. Volcanic action Which of the above add carbon dioxide to the carbon (a) Geneva (c) Sidney Ans. (a)(b) Rome (d) TokyoU.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010 cycle on Earth
) 2, 3 and 4
41
Which of the following does not add the carbon dioxide to carbon cycle on the planet Earth?
Photosynthesis
42
concept of weathering relates to
Weathering is defi ned as mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks through the actions of various elements of weather and climate. Weathering processes are conditioned by many complex geological, climatic, topographic and vegetative factor
43
The Headquarter of World Meteorological Organization is located at
Geneva
44
The headquarter of U.N.E.P. is located a
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme ) was established in 1972. Its headquarter is in Nairobi (Kenya). Inger Andersen of Denmark is currently the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program
45
What does EPA stand for –
Environment Protection Agency
46
National Environment Authority
It was established by the National Environment Appellate Authority Act 1997 to hear appeals with respect to restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or processes shall or shall not be carried out, subject to certainsafeguards under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. On the establishment of National Green Tribunal on 18th October, 2010, under National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, the NEAA stands dissolved.
47
The headquarters of the Green Peace International is located at
Amsterdam
48
To label environment-friendly consumer products, the Government has introduced
Eco mark
49
Sustainable agriculture means:
To utilize land so that its quality remains intact
50
Given below are two statements – Assertion (A) : Natural vegetation is the true index of climate. Reason (R) : Water-loving plants are found in a moist climate. In the context of the above, which one of the following is correct
a) Both statements are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
51
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) came into force in:
October, 2010
52
The author of ‘Green Development’ is
William M. Adams is the author of the book Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in a Developing World. Its fi rst edition was published in 1990.
53
What is Rio+20 Conference, often mentioned in t
It is the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
54
In the year 1997, the World Environment Conference was organised in?
the year 1997, the World Environment Conference was organised in Kyoto, Japan. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted in this conference which came into existence on 16 February, 2005.
55
The Earth Summit + 5 was held in?
1997
56
Consider the following statements:1. The Sustainable Development Goals were fi rst proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’. 2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.
(b) 2 only
57
Who has propounded the concept of 'Limits to Growth'
Club of Rome
58
The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards a greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at?
The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro
59
Agenda 21 i
is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations on Sustainable Development. It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) held in Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. Hence only statement 1 is correct.
60
Which of the following is related to Protection of Ecological Balance?1. Forest Policy 2. Environment (Protection) Act 3. Industrial Policy 4. Educational Policy
(d) All the above
61
Environment (Protection) Act (EPA) is also known as
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is also know as Umbrella Legislation. In the wake of the Bhopal Tragedy, the Government of India enacted the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 under Article 253 of the Constitution. The Act is an “umbrella” legislation designed to provide a framework for Central Government coordination of the activities of various Central and State authorities established under previous laws, such as the Water Act and the Air Act.
62
Which one of the following is the best strategy for environment-friendly sustainable development in Indian agriculture?
Mixed cropping, organic manures, nitrogen-fi xing plants and pest-resistant crop varieties
63
The investigator of Natural Farming was-
Masanobu Fukuoka was a Japanese farmer and philosopher, famous for his natural farming and revegetation of desertifi ed lands.
64
The Headquarter of World Meteorological Organization is located at –
Geneva
65
headquarter of U.N.E.P. is located at
Air pollution
66
The headquarter of U.N.E.P. is located at –UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme ) was established in 1972. Its headquarter is in Nairobi (Kenya). Inger Andersen of Denmark is currently the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programm
67
N.E.A. Stands for:
It was established by the National Environment Appellate Authority Act 1997 to hear appeals with respect to restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or processes shall or shall not be carried out, subject to certainsafeguards under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. On the establishment of National Green Tribunal on 18th October, 2010, under National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, the NEAA stands dissolved.
68
The headquarters of the Green Peace International is located at
Amsterdam
69
National Green Tribunal (NGT) came into force in:
October, 2010
70
Green Development’ is –
William M. Adams is the author of the book Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in a Developing World. Its fi rst edition was published in 1990.
71
Who has propounded the concept of 'Limits to Growth'
The concept of 'Limits to Growth' was propounded by the Club of Rome.
72
Assertion (A) : There is a positive relation between Human Development Index (HDI) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) ranking of Indian State.Reason (R) : The underlying dimension of SDG targets are closely related to education and health aspect.Select the correct answer using the codes below:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A
73
The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards a greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at?
The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro.
74
The investigator of Natural Farming was-
Masanobu Fukuoka
75
Which country introduced the Green Army for Environment conservation?
Australia
76
Ecology
The term 'Ecology' was coined by the German zoologist, Ernst Hackle in 1866 to describe the 'economics' of living forms.
77
A.G Tansley
A.G Tansley proposed the concept of Ecosystem. According to him, Ecosystem is type of a physical system formed by biotic and abiotic components
78
Benthic Zone
79
Aphotic Zone
80
Benthic Zone
81
.*Phytoplankt
.*Phytoplankton, also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in that they contain chlorophyll and requiresunlight to live and g
82
Ten percent law
The Ten percent law of transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next was introduced by Raymond Lindeman in 1942.*According to this law, during the transfer of energy from organic food from one trophic level to the next, only about ten percent of the energy from organic matter is stored as fl esh. The remaining is lost during transfer, broken down in respiration or lost to incomplete digestion by higher trophic level
83
Pyramid of Biomass
The Pyramid of Biomass is a graphical representation that depicts the extent of biomass per unit area within diff erent trophic levels in an ecological system.*In grasslands and forests, there is a gradual decrease in biomass of organisms at successive levels from the producers to the topcarnivore
84
Biological Magnifi cation
Biomagnifi cation refers to an increase in the concentration of the toxic materials at successive trophic levels. This happens because a toxic substance is accumulated by an organism which cannot be metabolized or excreted, and is thus passed on to the next trophic level. This phenomenon is well known for Mercury (Hg) and DDT
85
DDT
DDT is a chemical substance which cannot be degraded z biologically. Its concentration increases in the organism from lower trophic level to higher trophic level.Snake is a Tertiary consumer. So, the concentration of DDT will be more in snake. It is deposited in fatty tissues of an organism.z DDT is an insecticid
86
Biogeochemical Cycle
biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic and abiotic components of Earth. Biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon etc. are found in nature. Theseare mainly of two kinds:
87
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. In grassland, trees have already been cleared away due to fi res in the past, which also changes the ground composition.
88
Chipko movement
The Chipko movement was a forest conservation movement in India started in 1973
89
Ecology is permanent economy
was the slogan of Chipko Movemen
90
Narmada Bachao Andolan
Narmada Bachao Andolan' was against the construction of a multi-modal dam on the Narmada river.
91
Appiko Movement'
Appiko Movement' was started in Karnataka for environmental protection.
92
Environmental evil.
Eucalyptus is known as Environmental evil
93
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus is known as Environmental evil.*It absorbs too much inland water and decreases water level at the place of its plantation.*It is mostly found in Australia
94
Lentic Ecosystem r
refers to the static water habitats like ponds, lakes, swamps and marshe
95
Lotic Ecosystem
Lotic Ecosystem refers to the moving water habitats like rivers.
96
Ecotone
Ecotone is a region of transition between two biological communities.
97
Ecosystem
Term 'Ecosystem' was coined by A.G. Tansley.
98
Sere
The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a particular area are called ‘Sere’
99
Pycnocline
It shows density gradient in an aquatic system.
100
Halocline
shows a salt gradient in an aquatic system.
101
Arne Naess in 1973
used the term 'Deep ecology' for the fi rst tim
102
Ecology’ is the study of the relationship between
Organism and environment
103
The term Ecosystem was proposed
Tansley
104
Which four components constitute an ecosystem?
Abiotic materials, Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
105
Which of the following is an artifi cial ecosystem
Field
106
The number of organisms that can be supported by the environment in a given area is known
The maximum population size that can ecosystem can support is called capacity carrying capacity is the number of organism that an ecosystem can sustainably support. Hence option (b) is correct
107
The actual location or place where an organism lives is called
Habitat
108
Which of the following is an act that disturbs the ecological balance
Lumbering
109
Driving force of an ecosystem is:
Solar energy
110
10 percent law is related with:
Transfer of energy as food from one trophic level to other
111
Trophic level-I includes –
) Green plants
112
The pyramid of energy in any ecosystem is
Pyramid of energy is always upright, can never be inverted, because when energy fl ows from a particular trophic level to the next trophic level, some energy is always lost as heat at each step. Each bar in the energy pyramid indicates the amount of energy present at each trophic level in a given time or annually per unit area. Hence option (a) is correct.
113
amount of energy during the transfer from one trophic level to another in an eco-system–
) Decreases
114
The transitional zone between two distinct communities is known as:
Ecotone is a region of transition between two biological communities.
115
The cycling of elements in an ecosystem is called:
Biogeochemical cycles
116
In case of which one of the following biogeochemial cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to entry the cycle?
Phosphorus cycle
117
The movement of nutrient elements through various components of an ecosystem is called
Bio-geo-chemical cycle (b
118
Which one of the following is not related to ecological balance?
Industrial Management
119
Ecology is permanent economy” is the slogan of which movement?
Chipko Movement
120
Consider the following statements relating to the ecosystem:1. The term ecosystem was fi rst used by A.G. Tansley.2. Those organisms which produce their food themselves are termed as autotrophs.3. Consumers consume their food through the process of photosynthesis.4. Decomposers convert inorganic matter into organic matter.
a) 1 and 2
121
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity?
Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans
122
Who of the following used the term ‘deep ecology’ for the fi rst time?
Arne NaessU.P.P.C.S. (
123
Wildlife Protection Environment (Protection) Act The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act
1972
1986
2006
124
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain
Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings
125
Which of the following shows a density gradient of the water system?
Pycnocline
126
The concept of ‘Ecological Transition’ was fi rst used
Bennett
127
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of the phases of biotic succession?
Nudation, Migration, Ecesis, Reaction, Stabilization
128
Bio-diversity is denoted with
with ( ) alfa, ( ) beta and ( ) gamma indicating diff erent categories.
129
alpha diversityGamma diversity
alpha diversity for each ecosystem. If we examine the change in species diversity between these ecosystems then we are measuring the beta diversity
Gamma diversity is a measure of the overall diversity for the di! erent ecosystems within a region. Scholars de" nes gamma diversity as "geographic-scale species diversity".
130
Biological diversity was coined b
131
The United Nations has proclaimed May 22
as the International Day for Biological Diversity,
132
Biodiversity increases towards
equator
133
Biodiversity
is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitude
134
Silent Valley Project’
Kerala state, it is located
135
India has four bio-diversity hotspots
Western Ghat, Eastern Himalaya, Indo-Myanmar border and Sundaland. Nicobar group of Islands is regarded as a part of the Sundaland biodiversity area
136
36th Constitutional Amendment Act,
36th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1975 Sikkim was made full-fl edged State of the Union of India. It is considered as a botanist paradise because it lies under hotspot of easternHimalaya which is rich in biodiversity. Population over there mainly comprises of Lepchas, Bhotias and Nepalis
137
Ex-situ Conservation
Conserving biodiversity outside the areas where they naturally occur is known as ex-situ conservation. Examples - Seed banks, Botanical gardens, Zoological parks et
138
In-situ Conservatio
Conserving the animals and plants in their natural habitats is known as in-situ conservation. Examples - National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves, Reserved forest, Protected forest and Nature Reserve
139
e total coral reef a
140
Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kachchh, and Andaman and the Nicobar Islands. Fringing
141
The decrease in trophic level indicates an abundance of a particular type of organism, thus resulting in a decrease in biodiversity.
142
IUCN is an international organization, which works for nature conservation & sustainable use of natural resources. IUCN is the only international observer organization in the UN General Assembly with expertise in issues concerning the environment, specifi cally biodiversity, nature conservation and sustainable natural resource use.
143
IUCN
In June, 2012, IUCN released Red Data list of animals facing the danger of extinction. 15 species of India were listed in critically endangered category.
144
Indian fl ying Fox is a
species of bats found in Bangladesh
145
The Dugong is a large marine mammal which are vulnerable. The Dugong is a herbivorous animal, who eats grass hence also known as Sea
146
Ramsar Convention
associated with the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands.*India is a party to Ramsar Convention and has declared many areas as Ramsar Sites to conserve all the site through ecosystem approach and allow their simultaneous sustainable use
147
2 February, 1971
World Wetland Day
148
Montreux Record
Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the list of Wetlands of International Importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference.
149
Bio-Diversity Act
mechanism for equitable sharing of benefi ts arising out of the use of traditional biological resources and knowledg
150
India’s Biological Diversity Act
2002
151
Cartagena Protocol
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international agreement which aims to ensure the safe handling, transport and use of living modifi ed organism (LMO) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse eff ects on biological diversity, also taking into account risks to human healt
152
TRAFFIC
Trade-Related Analysis of Fauna & Flora in commerce is a non-governmental organization. It supervises trade of plants and animals in the context of sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.*TRAFFIC was established in 1976. It is an alliance of WWF and IUCN. It is not a bureau under the UNEP
153
Wetlands International i
Wetlands International is a global organization that works to sustain and restore wetlands and their resources for people and biodiversit
154
tallest known tree is
Redwood (Sequoia). It is found in California (U.S.A.).
155
Biodiversity day
May 22
156
The ‘Hotspot’ of Biodiversity in India are:
Eastern Himalayas and the Wester
157
With reference to biodiversity, which of the following regions in India is regarded as ‘HOTSPO
Andaman and Nicobar Island
158
India aims to achieve land degradation neutrality by the year:
India aims to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) by the year 2030. LDN represents a paradigm shift in land management policies and practices. It is a unique approach that counter balances the expected loss of productive land with the recovery of degraded areas.
159
The ‘Red Data Books’ published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of:
The ‘Red Data Books’ published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of threatened plants and animal species.
160
Red Data Book” or “Red List
I.U.C.N
161
Endangered species are listed in –
Red Data Book
162
Red Data Book' contains data of –
Endangered species
163
Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild As
164
Which one of the following Indian birds is a highly endangered species?
Great Indian Bustard
165
Which of the following statements about Sikkim are true? Select the correct answer from the code given below –I. It became an integral part of India in 1975.II. It is considered as a botanist paradise.III. Its population is mainly made up of the Lepchas
d) I, II and IIIU.P.Lower Sub. (Spl) (
166
The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment o
Biosphere reserves
167
Which one of the following is an important strategy for the conservation of biodiversit
Biosphere Reserves
168
Which one of the following is not a site for an in-situ method of conservation of fl ora
Botanical Garden
169
Which of the following gas is commonly used in CryoBank for ex-situ conservation?
Nitrogen
170
maximum biodiversity is found in
Tropical rain forest
171
Which of the following is considered a "Hotsopt" of biodiversity in India?
) Western Ghats
172
which of the following types of forests maximum plant diversity is found?
) Tropical evergreen fore
173
The greatest diversity of animal and plant species occurs in:
Tropical moist forests
174
Which one of the following ecosystems has maximum plant biomass
Tropical rain forest
175
Biodiversity changes occur:
Increases towards the equat
176
Biodiversity changes occur:
Increases towards the equat
177
The richest biodiversity is found in the:
Silent Valley
178
See the ramsar list
179
The Ramsar Convention was associated with the (a)
The Ramsar Convention is associated with the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It was signed on 2 February, 1971 at Ramsar in Iran. That date is celebrated as World Wetland Day now
180
Bihar's fi rst Ramsar Site is located i
Begusarai
181
Ramsar Convention’’ is related to:
Wetland conservation
182
In India, which one of the following states has the largest inland saline wetlan
Rajasthan
183
Biosphere reserves are areas for conservation of
Genetic Variation
184
Cartagena protocol is related to:
Bio-safety agreement
185
Which one of the following is the most eff ective factor of coral bleaching?
Rise in normal temperature of sea-water
186
Which of the following is the most signifi cant factor in coral bleaching
Global warming
187
Which of the following is the most signifi cant factor in coral bleaching
Global warming
188
Which of the following have coral reefs? 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2. Gulf of Kachchh 3. Gulf of Mannar 4. Sunderbans
) 1, 2 and 3 only
189
Who among the following had used the term ‘Biodiversity’ for the fi rst time?
Walter G. Rosen
190
The decade 2011-20 has been designated by the U.N.O. as the decade of –
Bio-diversity decade
191
United Nations Organization has declared decade 2011-2020 as
Decade on Biodiversity
192
The Himalayan Range is very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this phenomenon?
It is a confl uence of diff erent biogeographical zone
193
In which year 'Biodiversity Act' was passed in India
The 'Bio-Diversity Act' was passed in the year 2002. It provides for the preservation of Biological Diversity in India and mechanism for equitable sharing of benefi ts arising out of the use of traditional biological resources and knowledge.
194
Sea buckthorn has a huge global market potential. The berries of this plant are rich in vitamins and nutrients. Genghis Khan used them to improve the stamina of his troops. Russian cosmonauts used its oil to combat radiation. Where is this plant found in India?
Ladakh
195
The biosphere is an example of an Reason (R) open system.: There cannot be reinvestment of new substances in the biosphere but there is no restriction on the investment and exit of energy.
(A) is true but (R) is false
196
Recently, which of the following dr
Diclofenac Sodium
197
Vultures which used to be very common in the Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen now a days. This is attributed
drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattl
198
the context of Indian wildlife, the fl ying fox is a
The Indian fl ying fox (Pteropus Gigantes), also known as the greater Indian fruit bat, is a species of bats in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Bangladesh, China, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
199
The marine animal called dugong which is vulnerable Ans. (c)The criteria for the recognition of regions as hotspot are species richness, endemism and threat perception that led to the recognition of Western Ghats, Sri Lanka and Indo-Burma regions as hotspots of biodiversity. to extinction is a/an
Dugong is a medium-sized marine mammal, which is vulnerable to extinction.
200
Concerning an organization known as ‘Bird Life International’ which of the following statements is/ are correct?1. It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations. 2. The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspots’ originated from this organization.3. It identifi es the sites referred to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas
1 and 3 only
201
Which one of the following Union Ministries implements the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Ministry of Environment and Forest
202
Proper design and eff ective implementation of UNREDD+ Programme can signifi cantly contribute to:1. Protection of biodiversity 2. Resilience of forest ecosystems 3. Poverty reduction Select the correct answer using the code given below
d) 1, 2 and 3
203
which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat? 1. Tamil Nadu 3. Karnataka 2. Kerala 4. Andhra Pradesh
Lion- tailed macaque is found in Western Ghats of India. It is an endangered species which is mostly found in Kerala, Karnataka and the border region of Tamil Nad
204
Montreux Record
a register of wetland sites on the list of Wetlands of International Importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference. It is maintained as part of the Ramsar list.
205
The annual production of biomass is minimal in which of the following environment
Deep sea
206
Deciduous forest
1200 gram (dry weight)/square meter/every year
207
Taiga
800 gram (dry weight)/square meter/every yea
208
Prairie
600 gram (dry weight)/square meter/every year
209
Prairie
600 gram (dry weight)/square meter/every year
210
The author of ‘Tomorrow’s Biodiversity’ is
Vandana Shiva
211
How much has the global average temperature risen in the last century
Earth’s average surface air temperature has increased by about 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1900, with over half of the increase occurring since the mid-1970s. A wide range of other observations (such as reduced Arctic sea ice extent and increased ocean heat content) and indications from the natural world (such as pole ward shifts of temperature-sensitive species of fi sh, mammals, insects, etc.) together provide incontrovertible evidence of planetary-scale warming.
212
The concept of Greenhouse Gases was postulated by –
Joseph Fourier
213
‘Kyoto Protocol’ is related to
Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which commits its parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.
214
Kyoto Protocol is related to
Climate change
215
Cartagena Protocol
Biosafety
216
Stockholm Conventio
Persistent organic pollutant
217
Montreal Protocol Kyoto Protocol
Ozone LayerClimate change
218
The main component of greenhouse gas is
219
Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
Chlorofl uorocabons
220
Which of the following group of gases contribute to the “Greenhouse Eff ect”?
Carbon dioxide and Methane
221
Greenhouse eff ect'
CO2 > CH4 > N2O > CFCsChhattisg
222
Which one of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
Propane
223
What is Net Zero
Net-zero, which is also referred to as carbon-neutrality, does not mean that a country would bring down its emissions to zero.Rather, net-zero is a state in which as country's emissions are compensated be absorption and removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.Absorption of the emissions can be increased by creating more carbon sinks such as forests, while the removal of gases from the atmosphere requires futuristic technologies such as carbon capture and storage.This way, it is even possible for a country to have negative emissions, if the absorption and removal exceed the actual emissions.A good example is Bhutan which is often described as carbonnegative because it absorbs more than it emits.
224
Which of the following is known as 'carbon negative country' in the world?
Bhutan
225
Which one among the following substances does not contribute to global warming directly ?
Oxides of Sulphu
226
Which one of the following is NOT a green house gas found naturally in the atmosphere?d
Nitrogen oxide
227
Which one of the following gas is responsible for global warming?
c) Carbon dioxide and Methane
228
Which Which among the following gases is most responsible for global warming?
Carbon-di-oxide
229
The total amount of green-house gases produced, to directly and indirectly support human activities, is referred to as?
The total amount of greenhouse gases produced, directly or indirectly to support human activities, is referred to as carbon footprin
230
Which one of the following is the most fragile ecosystem that will be fi rst aff ected by global warming?
a) The Arctic and Greenland Ice sheet
231
The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere because it absor
The infrared part of the solar radiation
232
. After harvesting the leftover crop residues are disposed for land clearing and pest control. The cheapest and easiest method to dispose these crop/biomass residues is to burn it. However, burning of these crop/biomass residues release Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Methane (CH4) and Ozone (O3) like gases in atmosphere. Hence option (d) is correct answe
233
greenhouse gas liberated by cud-chewing animals
Methane
234
When was India's fi rst National Action Plan on Climate Change released?
India released its fi rst National Action Plan on Climate Change to mitigate and adapt to climate change on 30 June, 2008.
235
What is ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’?
It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions
236
Consider the following statements:(i) Kyoto Protocol came into force in the year 2005. (ii) Kyoto protocol primarily deals with reducing overall greenhouse emissions. (iii) Carbon dioxide is fi ve times more eff ective as a greenhouse gas than methane
The Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change was adopted on 11 December, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. Kyoto Protocol came into eff ect on 16 February, 2005. It was adopted as a binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emission to the level of 1990. It had provision to reduce by 5.2%. Methane is about 86 times more power as greenhouse than CO2
237
Which of the following countries does not have a global atmosphere watch station to collect data on world temperatures?
(d) IndiaU.P.P.C.S
238
C.D.M
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol that provides for emissions reduction projects. The CDM is one of the Protocol’s “project-based” mechanisms and designed to promote projects by developed countries among developing countries that reduce emissions. This can help developed countries getting carbon credit. Thus statement (d) is incorrec
239
the context of CO2 Emission and Global Warming, what is the name of a market-driven device under the UNFCC that allows developing countries to get funds/incentives from the developed countries to adopt better technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Carbon trading is an approach used to control carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving emissions reductions. In the context of CO2 emission and Global warming, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the name of a market-driven device under the UNFCC that allows developing countries to get funds or incentives from the developed countries to adopt better technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
240
First World Climate Conference - 1979(b) First Earth Summit - Agenda-21 (c) Earth Summit Plus 5 - 1997
241
carbon fertilization"
Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
242
carbon credits’
Carbon credits are traded at a price fi xed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Program
243
The concept of carbon credit' originated fro
Kyoto protocol
244
BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes is managed by the
The Bio Carbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL) is a multilateral fund, supported by donor Governments and managed by the World Bank. Norway has committed maximum $ 135 million, UK $ 120 Million and the USA $25 million for this fund. This fund seeks to promote a reduction in Greenhouse gases from the land sector.
245
Which of the following represents the average increase in earth’s temperature during the last century?
The average increase in earth's temperature during the last century was 0.80C
246
phytoplankton
If phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason then the ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely aff ected. Phytoplankton, also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in that they contain chlorophyll and require sunlight to live and grow. Hence food chains in the ocean would be adversely aff ected and if it is completely destroyed then the density of ocean water would not decrease drasticall
247
Astronomical theory of climate change
Astronomical theory of climate change was propounded in 1920 by astronomer Milutin Milankovic. It states that the variation in eccentricity, axial tilt and precession of theEarth’s orbit determines climatic patterns on Earth through orbital forcing. Hence, solar irradiance is not concerned with this theory.
248
Which one of the following provides the cryogenic indicator of climate change?
ice core is a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet, most commonly from the polar ice caps of Antarctica-Greenland or from high mountain glaciers elsewhere. As the ice forms the incremental building of annual layers of snow, lower layers are older than upper and an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years. The properties of the ice and the recrystallized clarifi cation needed inclusions within the ice can then be used to reconstruct a climatic record over the age range of the core, normally through isotopic analysis. This enables the reconstruction of local temperature records and the history of atmospheric composition
249
India’s fi rst National Action Plan on Climate Change was released in
2008 A.D.
250
Which one of the following is not included in Eight Missions under India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change
Nuclear power
251
UNFCCC
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio-de-Janeiro from 3 to 14 June, 1992.
252
Green Climate Fund (GCF)
Green Climate Fund (GCF) was formally established during the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico. It is a fund within the framework of the UNFCCC founded as a mechanism to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change. The GCF is based in the New Songdo district of Incheon, South Korea. It is intended to be the centrepiece of eff orts to raise climate fi nance of $ 100 billion a year by 2020.
253
Green Climate Fund (GCF)
Green Climate Fund (GCF) was founded as a mechanism to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change. The fund is governed by GCF Board. The board consists of 24 members. Hence statement (2) is not correct.
254
ozone layer in the stratosphere is naturaly regulated b
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
255
ozone layer in the stratosphere is naturaly regulated b
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
256
measuring unit of the ozone layer is "Dobson Unit" (DU). One DU is equal to 0.01 mm thickness of pure Ozone at 0oC temperature and 1 atm pressure.
257
The gases fi lled in the refrigerator are sold a
Mafron
258
The gases fi lled in the refrigerator are sold a
Mafron
259
also used as a coolant in big plants.
Ammonia
260
Ozone layer
Ozone layer in the atmosphere prevents harmful ultraviole
261
Gases responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer are–
CFC, Halon - 1211,1301, Nitrous oxide and Tricloroethlyn
262
Gases responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer are–
CFC, Halon - 1211,1301, Nitrous oxide and Tricloroethlyn
263
the eff ect of Ozone layer depletion is maximum over
poles
264
Since stratospheric clouds help
chlorine compound to convert into chlorine atom depleting Ozone layer, their presence is also a factor responsible for the formation of the ozone hole
265
Montreal Protocol
Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is an international treaty designed for the protection of the ozone layer by phasing out the production of various substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. Chlorofl uorocarbons, Halons and Carbon Tetrachloride are the main ozone-depleting substances.
266
protocol to the Vienna Convention
It is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer by phasing out the production or the use of the substances
267
Montreal Protocol was signed
16 September 1987
268
Ozone Layer is observed o
September 16 e
269
Ozone layer is above the earth's crust around
20 km.
270
Among the following greenhouse gases, which does not cause ozone depletion in the tropospher
) Carbon monooxide
271
Which of the following substances is/are ozone depleting?Select the correct answer from codes given below: 1. Chlorofl uorocarbons2. Halans3. Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorofl uorocarbons, Halans and Carbon tetrachloride, all are ozone-depleting substances. All these substances are banned after the Montreal Protocol
272
unique characteristic/characteristics of equatorial forest
Equatorial forests are found in such tropical zones which receive more than 200 cm rainfall. Tall, closely set trees forming canopy is a characteristic of these forests. The upper portion of canopy often supports rich epiphytes. About 80% of the world's biodiversity is found in equatorial forests.
273
The minimum land area recommended for forest cover to maintain proper ecological balance in India is:
As per the National Forest Policy, 1988, the national goal should be to have a minimum of one-third (33%) of the total land area of the country under forest or tree cover. In the mountain and hills region, the aim should be to maintain two-thirds of the area under such cover to prevent erosion and land degradation and to ensure the stability of the fragileecosystem.
274
To maintain ecological balance, the area under forest should be –
(c) 33
275
According to the National Forest Policy (1952), forests have been classifi ed in India as follows
i) Protected forests (i) National forests (iii) Village forests (iv) Tree-lands.Thus it is clear that National Parks are not in the category of forests
276
under forests
Madhya Pradesh
277
The percentage of forest cover concerning the total geographical area is highest in
Mizoram
278
Concerning total geographical area the maximum percent of forest found in
Mizoram
279
National Mission for Green India has been initiated in the following States by Government of India with the aim to improve the density of existing forest
Jharkhand
280
Which amongst the following States/UTs in India has the largest percentage of its geographical area under forest cover
Mizoram
281
India, percentage coverage of dense forests to total geographical area is abo
12 percent
282
According to the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) which of the following state has its maximum area covered by fores
Arunachal Pradesh
283
Which one of the following States has the highest percentage of area under forest
Arunachal Pradesh
284
Which State has more than 80% of its area covered by forest?
Arunachal Pradesh
285
Second largest mangrove area in India is found along the coast of –
Gujarat
286
Which one of the following areas of India is famous for its mangrove vegetation?
Sunderbans
287
Which one of the following has a protected mangrove region
Goa
288
Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest?
Andaman and Nicobar Island
289
Wildlife Protection Act was introduced in India?
1972
290
According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law? 1. Gharial 3. Wild buff alo
According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Gharial, Indian Wild Ass and Wild Buff alo all the three animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law.
291
If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. What is the implicatio
licence is required to cultivate that plant.
292
The National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB) was set up by Government of India in the year :
1992
293
Wild Life (Protection) Act
II. Biological Diversity Act
III. Project Tiger V. Project Elephant
1972
2002
1973
1992
294
Wild Life (Protection) Act
II. Biological Diversity Act
III. Project Tiger V. Project Elephant
1972
2002
1973
1992
295
Forest Research Institute is located a
The Forest Research Institute is an institute of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education and is a premier institution in the fi eld of forestry research in India. It is located at Dehradun in Uttarakhand and is one of the oldest institutions of its kind. In 1991, it was declared a deemed university by the University Grants Commiss
296
Which of the following institutions is not related to the environme
Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization under the Department of Science and Technology has been assigned the role as the nation’s principal mapping agency. It was set up in 1767. It is not related to the environmen
297
Which animal is the symbol of the World Wildlife Fund
Since its inception in 1961, the World Wildlife Fund adopted Giant Panda as its organizational symbol. Its scientific name is 'Ailuropod
298
Gavialis crocodilia are found plenty i
The Gavialis is also known as the gavial and belong to the fi sh-eating crocodile family. These are native to the northern part of the Indian Sub-continent. They are mostly found in Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
299
In which of the following years, the Environment (Protection) Act passed by the Government of India
1990
300
pugmark technique is used – Pugmark is the term used to refer to the footprint of most animals (especially megafauna). “Pug” means foot in Hindi. Every individual animal species has a distinct pugmark and as such, this is used for identifi catio
301
Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Conservation Award is given to
Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Conservation Award is given annually for signifi cant contribution in the fi eld of wildlife conservation which has made or has the potential to make, a major impact on the protection and conservation of wildlife in the country. Two awards of Rupees One Lakh are given to education and research institutions, organization, forest and wildlife offi cers/research scholars or scientists/wildlife conservationists. Hence (d) is the correct answer
302
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources is situated a
New Delhi
303
National Research Centre for Agroforestry is located at:
Jhansi
304
The greatest diversity of plants and animals is characteristic of
Tropical moist forests
305
In India, in which one of the following types of forests is teak a dominant tree species?
Tropical moist deciduous forest
306
Which of the following leaf modifi cations occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss?1. Hard and waxy leaves2. Tiny leaves3. Thorns instead of leavesSelect the correct answer using codes given below :(a) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (b) 2 only(d) 1, 2 and
1, 2 and 3I.A.S.
307
In which of the following continents, the tropical deciduous forests are most extensive
Tropical deciduous forests or tropical broad-leaf forests are dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. They are found in areas with warm, moist summers and mild winters. Deciduous forests are mainly found in the Northern Hemisphere Eastern North America, East Asia, and Europ
308
In which of the following continents, the tropical deciduous forests are most extensive
Tropical deciduous forests or tropical broad-leaf forests are dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. They are found in areas with warm, moist summers and mild winters. Deciduous forests are mainly found in the Northern Hemisphere Eastern North America, East Asia, and Europ
309
What were the main objectives of the National Forest Policy? Choose the correct answer by using codes given below-1. To ensure ecological balance.2. To promote social forestry.3. One-third of the country’s total land to be forested.4. Encouraging public community participation in forest managemen
) 1 and 4
310
Arrange the following States of India in descending order of their cover (percent of forest area to total area) and select the correct answer from codes. 1. Haryana 3. Manipur Code : (a) 3, 4, 2, 1 (c) 1, 4, 3, 2 Ans. (a)2. Maharashtra4. Orissa(b) 3, 2, 4, 1(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
a)
311
Which of the following city of India is specialized in the plantation?
Valparai is located in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. This Indian city has specialization in plantation among the given options.
312
Which country has the highest percentage of its geographical area under forest
Japan
313
Which of the following countries has passed a resolution to maintain forest on 60% land of its geographical are
Bhutan
314
20. Assertion (A) : Coastal Odisha is most cyclone-prone area of India. Reason (R) : There is a large amount of deforestation of Mangroves in Mahanadi delta area. Choose the correct answer in the given codes :
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A
315
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961. The period of June and July, 2000 was an ominous period for the Tigers in zoos of India because as many as 13 tigers died in Nandan Kanan Zoo (Eastern India) due to Trypanosomiasis. The biggest aquarium in India is situated in Kolkata. Eucalyptus is called as the environmental enemy, not friend. Hence option(c) will be the correct answer.
316
Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC)
Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC) is a non-government organization. It serves to monitor the trade of wild plants and animals in the context of sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that the trade of wild plants and animals does not threaten the conservation of nature. TRAFFIC was established in 1976. It is a strategic alliance of WWF and IUCN. It is not a bureau under UNEP.
317
Which of the above are naturally found in India?
Consider the following: 1. Star Tortoise 3. Pygmy hog 2. Monitor lizard4. Spider monkeyWhich of the above are naturally found in India?(a) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 4 Ans. (a)(b) 2 and 3(d) All of theseI.A.S
The spider monkies are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. Rest all are naturally found in India. Hence (a) is the correct answer.
318
Pakhui
akhui is a wildlife sanctuary and a dedicated tiger reserve (also known as the pakke tiger reserve) located in the districtof East Kameng in Arunachal Pradesh.
319
Pakhui
akhui is a wildlife sanctuary and a dedicated tiger reserve (also known as the pakke tiger reserve) located in the districtof East Kameng in Arunachal Pradesh.
320
Gharial 2. Leatherback turtle 3. Swamp deerWhich of the above is/are endangered
Gharial, Leatherback turtle and Swamp deer all of three come under the endangered category.
321
Which country has the largest percentage of its total area under forests?
Suriname
322
Which country has the largest percentage of its total area under forests?
Suriname
323
Amrita Devi Smriti Award is given for:
Protection of forests and wildlife
324
Forest Conservation Act (B) The Environment Protection Act(C) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act(D) The Water Pollution Control Act
(1) 1980(2) 1986(3) 1981(4) 1974
325
National Park
A National Park is an area, whether within a sanctuary or not, that can be notifi ed by the State Government to be constituted as a National Park
326
National Park
A National Park is an area, whether within a sanctuary or not, that can be notifi ed by the State Government to be constituted as a National Park
327
National Parks hunting and grazing of the cattle is completely prohibitebut no human activity is permitted in the National Park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the Stat
328
has the largest number o
Madhya Pradesh
329
has the largest number o
Madhya Pradesh
330
Jim Corbett National Park
Jim Corbett National Park is the fi rst National Park of India. It was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park. It is located in Nainital District of Uttarakhand
331
Keoladeo National Park
Keoladeo National Park was established as a National Park in 1981. It is located in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan. In 1985, Keoladeo National Park has been declared a World Heritage site under the World Heritage convention by UNESCO.
332
Keoladeo Ghana National Park protect
366 bird species, 379 fl oral species, fi sh, snakes, lizards, amphibians, turtles and a variety of other invertebrates are found in Keoladeo National Park. ButTiger is not a protected species here
333
ow through the Corbett National Park.
Ramganga and Kosi rivers fl ow through the Corbett National Park.
334
ow through the Corbett National Park.
Ramganga and Kosi rivers fl ow through the Corbett National Park.
335
Kaziranga National Park.
Brahmaputra, Diphlu, Mora Diphlu and Mora Dhansiri rivers fl ow through Kaziranga National Park.
336
Dudhwa National Park
rehabilitation of rhinoceros is going on in Dudhwa National Park. It is located in Lakhimpur Kheri district of Uttar Prades
337
First Rhino rehabilitation programm
The First Rhino rehabilitation programme was initiated in Dudhwa in 1984
338
Bandipur National Park
Bandipur National Park is located in the South Indian State of Karnatak
339
Bandipur National Park
Bandipur National Park is located in the South Indian State of Karnatak
340
Sariska Tiger Reserve and Ranthambore National Park both are located in Rajasthan and both are Tiger Reserves. *Sariska Tiger reserve is located in Alwar district of Rajasthan. It was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1955 and given the status of Tiger Reserve in 1978.
341
Rajaji National Park
Rajaji National Park is spread in three districts of Uttarakhand.
342
Great Himalayan National Park i
Great Himalayan National Park is spread in the Kullu region of Himachal Pradesh and Van Vihar National Park is spread in the Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh.
343
Nokrek
Nokrek is the highest peak of the Garo hills. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve is established her
344
Loktak Lake i
Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in North-East India and it is situated in Manipur
345
Namdapha National Park
*Namdapha National Park is situated in Arunachal Pradesh. It is the largest protected area of an eastern Himalayan biodiversity hotspot.
346
Buxa Tiger Project i
Buxa Tiger Project is located near Darjeeling in West Bengal. It was given the status of National Park in 1992.
347
Gir National Park
Gir National Park is located in Junagarh district of Gujarat. It is famous for being the habitat of Asiatic Lion.
348
Great India bustard is
Great India bustard is the centre of attraction of the Desert National Park located in Rajastha
349
The fi rst National Park of USA is
Yellow Stone National Park
350
rst National Park which was established in India
Jim Corbett National Park.
351
Simlipal National Park is
located in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha which is 320 k
352
Corbett (Uttarakhand)
1936
353
Kanha (Madhya Pradesh)
1955
354
Gir Forest National Park Bharatpur Bird Santuary Bandhavgarh National Park Kaziranga National Park Corbett National Park Bandipur National Park Sanjay National Park Rajaji National Park Simlipal National Park Manas National Park Anshi National Park Betla National Park Indravati National Park Gugamal National Park Intanki National Park Keibul-Lamjao National Park Guindy National Park Dachigam National Park Papikonda National Park Sariska National Park
GujaratRajasthanMadhya PradeshAssamUttrakhandKarnatakaMadhya PradeshUttrakhandOdishaAssamKarnatakaJharkhandChhattisgarhMaharashtraNagalandManipurTamil NaduJammu and KashmirAndhra PradeshRajasthan
355
Kaziranga Silent Valley Pench Valley Kanha National Park Kudremukh
Golaghat, Nagaon and SonitpurPalghatNagpurMandla, Balaghat and Dindori (MP)Chikkamaglu
356
Periyar National Park
located in Kerala.
357
Periyar National Park
located in Kerala.
358
Keibul Lamjao National Park
Keibul Lamjao National Park is located in Manipur. It is the only fl oating park in the world. Keibul Lamjao National Park is characterized by many fl oating decomposed plant materials which are known as Phumdis.
359
Sultanpur National Park
Sultanpur National Park (formerly Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary) is located in Gurgaon district of Haryana. *National Parks of Bhutan i
360
Kaziranga Gir Sunderban Periyar
RhinocerosLionTigerElephant/Tige
361
Bandipur Tiger SanctuaryKaziranga One Horned Rhinoceros SanctuarySunderban Biosphere and Tiger ReserveSimlipal
Tiger SanctuaryKaziranga One Horned Rhinoceros SanctuarySunderban Biosphere and Tiger ReserveSimlipal Elephant Sanctuary
362
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
is situated around the peak of Nanda Devi in the state of Uttrakhand. It was inscribed as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988.
363
Agasthyamalai
In 2016, Agasthyamalai was included in the framework of UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere programm
364
Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB)
Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientifi c programme, launched in 1971 by UNESC
365
Nilgiri, Sundarban, Gulf of Mannar and Nanda Dev
Nilgiri, Sundarban, Gulf of Mannar and Nanda Devi were selected from India in the fi rst list of the Man and the Biosphere Programm
366
Nokrek MeghalayaManas AssamDihang-Dibang Arunachal PradeshAgasthyamalai KeralaSimilipal OdishaKhangchendzonga SikkimCold Desert Himachal Pradesh
367
largest biosphere reserve of India is
Rann of Kachchh
368
Nokrek
Nokrek Biosphere is spread over part of Garo Hills while Agasthyamalai is on the Western Ghats
369
Dihang-Dibang
Dihang-Dibang is spread in upper Siang, Western Siang and Debang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh. Nanda Devi is located in Uttrakhand
370
Similipal OdishaNokrek MeghalayaDihang Dibang Arunachal Pradesh
371
Agasthyamalai Namdapha Sariska Garampani Pakhal Mahuadanr Dachigam Kahna National Park Kerala-Tamil NaduArunachal PradeshRajasthanAssamTelanganaJharkhandJammu and KashmirMadhya PradeshBiosphere Reserve StatePeriyar KeralaNokrek MeghalayaManas AssamDihang-Dibang Arunachal PradeshAgasthyamalai KeralaSimilipal OdishaKhangchendzonga SikkimCold Desert Himachal Pradesh*Gulf of Mannar (area = 10500 Km2) is the largest UNESCO certifi ed (according to the area) biosphere reserve of India but it is the second largest biosphere reserve of India.*The largest biosphere reserve of India is Rann of Kachchh (Gujarat) with an area of 12454 km2. Nokrek Biosphere is spread over part of Garo Hills while Agasthyamalai is on the Western Ghats, Dihang-Dibang is spread in upper Siang, Western Siang and Debang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh. Nanda Devi is located in Uttrakhand.*Bundala Biosphere Reserve is situated on the South-East coast of Sri Lanka. There is also a Central area National Park in Bundala Reserve which includes four saline water lagoons. The Central Area is home to native as well as migrating speciesof Birds. The closest town near Bundala is Hambantota.Wildlife SanctuaryFor the protection and conservation of wildlife, Wildlife Sanctuary has been established. Some important Sanctuaries and their parent state are as followsSanctuary StateSimilipal OdishaNokrek MeghalayaDihang Dibang Arunachal PradeshKeoladeo Ghana Bird Sanctuary Rajasthan
372
One Horned Rhino i
The One Horned Rhino is found in West Bengal and Assam. Kaziranga National Park is famous for One Horned Rhino. *Gir, Ranthambore and Corbett are famous for Tigers
373
Kaziranga National Park
Kaziranga National Park is located on the bank of river Bramhmaputra in Assam.
374
Kanha (Madhya Pradesh),
Kanha (Madhya Pradesh), Ranthambore (Rajasthan) and Bandhavgarh (Madhya Pradesh) are the part of Project Tiger.
375
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam is famous for Tigers and Rhinos.
376
Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary is
Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh at a distance of 70 km from Varanasi
377
Periyar Game Sanctuary
Periyar Game Sanctuary is located in Kerala and is famous for wild elephants.
378
Great Indian Hornbi
natural habitat for the Great Indian Hornbill is the Western Ghat. The scientifi c name of this bird is Buceros bicornis. Great hornbills are found in the forests of India, Bhutan, Nepal, China, Indonesia, etc.
379
Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary UnnaoOkhala/Okhla Bird Sanctuary Gautam Buddha NagarSamaspur Bird Sanctuary Rae BareliParvati Arga Bird Sanctuary Jaiprakash Nagar (Gonda)Udhwa Bird Sanctuary Sahibga
380
only four states in India which have declared their state butter
Maharashtra and Karnataka, Uttarakhand and Arunachal Pradesh
381
Project Tiger"
Project Tiger" in 1973. The project aims at ensuring a viable population of Tigers
382
was decided in 2010 at the
Saint Petersburg Tiger Summit.
383
*M-STrIPES
Monitoring system for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) is a software-based monitoring system launched across Indian tiger reserves.
384
Tiger reserve
385
Rajaji National Park
Rajaji National Park which is situated in Uttarakhand was declared as a tiger reserve in 2015. It became the second tigerreserve in Uttarakhand. The fi rst tiger reserve of Uttarakhand was Corbett Tiger Reserve.
386
Madhya Pradesh ha
Madhya Pradesh has the maximum number of tigers where as Karnataka comes second.
387
Kaziranga National Park
Kaziranga National Park was declared as a tiger reserve in 2006
388
Nagarjuna Sagar
Nagarjuna Sagar - Srisailam Tiger Reserve is the largest Tiger Reserve in Indi
389
Bandipur Tiger Reserve
Bandipur Tiger Reserve now is being monitored by the drones for the protection and conservation of the wildlife.
390
Dampa Tiger Reserv
Dampa Tiger Reserve was declared a Tiger Reserve in 1994. It is situated in the western part of Mizoram State.
391
Dampa Tiger Reserve
Dampa Tiger Reserve was declared a Tiger Reserve in 1994. It is situated in the western part of Mizoram State.
392
Namdapha National Park is a Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh. Buxa Tiger Reserve is situated in West Bengal Sariska Tiger Reserve is a National Park and Tiger Reserve located in Alwar district of Rajasthan.
393
Namdapha National Park is a Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh. Buxa Tiger Reserve is situated in West Bengal Sariska Tiger Reserve is a National Park and Tiger Reserve located in Alwar district of Rajasthan.
394
Pench Tiger Reserve
Pench Tiger Reserve is 90% in Madhya Pradesh and 10% in Maharashtra
395
Project Elephant
Project Elephant was launched in 1992 by the Ministry of Environment and Forest of the Government of India. The project aims to ensure long term survival of elephants in theirnatural habitats by protecting the elephants, their habitats and migration corridors.
396
Keoladeo Ghana National Park
Keoladeo Ghana National Park is situated at the confl uence of the Gambhir and Banganga rivers in the Bharatpur district of Rajasthan
397
Kolleru Lake i
Kolleru Lake is the largest freshwater lake in India located in State of Andhra Pradesh. Kolleru Lake is located between Krishna and Godavari de
398
International ‘Tiger Day’ is observed on –
b) 29th July
399
India's fi rst Dolphin Observatory is being built in:
Bihar
400
National Biological Garden of India is situated in
New Delhi
401
National Biological Garden of India is situated in
New Delhi
402
Which one of the following is the fi rst National Park of India?
Corbett National Park
403
The Rajiv Gandhi National Park is located in
) Karnataka
404
Maintenance of genetic diversity in National Parks is done by
In-situ conservation
405
Maintenance of genetic diversity in National Parks is done by
In-situ conservation
406
Periyar Game Sanctuary is famous for
Wild Elephants
407
Betla National Park is situated at –
Bihar
408
Rani Jhansi Maritime National Park was founded in
1996
409
Dhoopgarh Peak is situated in which of the following National Parks?
Dhoopgarh Peak is situated in Satpura National Park. Satpura National Park is located in the Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh. Satpura national park covers an area of 524 km. sq and established in 1981
410
Biosphere sites) A. Nilgiri B. Nanda Devi C. Sunderban D. Kanchenjung
1986 198819892000
411
Keoladeo Ghana National Park f
Keoladeo Ghana National Park formerly known as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary is situated in Bharatpur, Rajasthan. It is home to 366 bird species, 379 fl oral species and diff erent species of fi sh, snakes, lizards and amphibians. However, lion is not a protected species of this park.
412
Nokrek B. Manas C. Dehang Debang D. Agasthyamalai
Meghalaya Assam Arunachal PradeshKerala
413
Similipal Nokrek Agasthyamalai Khangchendzonga
Odisha Meghalaya Kerala - Tamil Nadu Sikkim
414
What will be the decreasing order of the following biosphere reserves from the point of view of the length?
Gulf of Mannar, Sunderban, Pachmarhi, Kanchenjunga
415
In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomas
National Parks
416
Where is the wild ass sanctuary?
Gujarat
417
One horned rhinoceros is found in the following States
West Bengal and Assam
418
In which of the following National Parks of India Rhinoceros rehabilitation is being done
Dudhwa National Par
419
Consider the following statements and select the correct answer from codes given below –1. Similipal National Park is situated in Odisha.2. Thailand was known as Siam during ancient time.3. Astadiggajas was the gem of the court of Shivaji4. Astachap was a group of devotees who were a disciple of Adi Shankara.
(a) 1 and 2
420
Select the State from amongst the following, with the maximum number of National Park–
Madhya Pradesh
421
The State of India with maximum number of wildlife sanctuaries is :
422
Which one of the following States has the ideal habitat for the Siberian crane
Rajasthan
423
Bandipur B. Kaziranga C. Sunderbans D. Similipa
Tiger ReserveOne horn Rhinoceros ReserveBiosphere and Tiger ReserveElephant Reserve
424
Salim Ali National Park’ is located in
Jammu and Kashmir
425
Chandra Prabha B. Karera C. Jaisamand D. Nahargar
VaranasiJhansiUdaipurJaipur
426
Bandipur 1. Corbett Kanha Manas Melghat Palamau Ranthambore Similipal Sunderbans Periyar Sariska Buxa Indravati Namdapha Dudhwa Kalakad-Mundanthurai Valmiki Pench Tadoba-Andhari Bandhavgarh
Karnataka UttarakhandAmangarh (buff erof Corbett TR)Madhya Pradesh Assam Maharashtra Jharkhand Rajasthan OdishaWest Bengal KeralaRajasthan West Bengal Chhattisgarh Arunachal Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Bihar Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh
427
Bandipur B. Manas C. Namdapha D. Simlipal
. KarnatakaAssamArunachal PradeshOrissa
428
Which one of the following is not a Project Tiger Reserve in India?
Chilka
429
Consider the following areas –The Sariska Tiger Reserve is located in the Alwar district of Rajasthan. It was declared a Wild Life Sanctuary in 1955 and Tiger Reserve in 1978. 1. Bandipur 3. Manas 2. Bhitarkanika4. Sunderbans Which of the above are Tiger Reserves?
) 1, 3 and 4
430
Which one of the following Tiger reserves of India is 84. Which of the following is not a tiger sanctuary?(a) Kanha (c) Kaziranga Ans. (*)(b) Ranthambhore(d) BandhogarhM.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997Kaziranga wildlife sanctuary is a national park in Assam which hosts two- thirds of the world’s great one-horned rhinoceroses. It was not a tiger Resergve when this question was asked. But now it is a tiger Reserve (2006). Rest are tiger reserves. located in Mizoram?
Dampha
431
Which of the following tiger reserve lies in two States
Pench
432
The famous Tiger Reserve ‘Sariska’ is situated in which of the following States?
Rajasthan
433
Garmpani B. Nam Dafa C. Pakhal D. Sariska
AssamArunachal PradeshAndhra PradeshRajasthan
434
For what is the Manas sanctuary in Assam know
Tigers
435
Gir Forest Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary Bandhavgarh Sanctuary Kaziranga National Park
Gujarat- Rajasthan- Madhya Pradesh- Assam
436
Dochigam Papikonda Sariska Bandipur
Jammu and KashmirAndhra PradeshRajasthanKarnataka
437
Arrange the following National Parks in their chronological order from the earliest to the latest and select the correct answer from codes given below the U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2016
Silent Valley Jim Corbett Kaziranga Kanha
1984
1936
1974
1978
438
Arrange the following National Parks in their chronological order from the earliest to the latest and select the correct answer from codes given below the U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre) 2016
Silent Valley Jim Corbett Kaziranga Kanha
1984
1936
1974
1978
439
Which one of the following is located in the Bastar region
Indravati National Park
440
Which of the following animals can live for the longest duration without drinking water?
Among the given options Kangaroo rat can live for the longest duration without drinking water. It is due to the special structure and working system of its excretory system (kidney
441
Kaziranga Gir Sundarban Periyar
RhinocerosLionTigerElephant
442
Periyar National Park
Periyar National Park is home to tigers and a signifi cant elephant population
443
marine national park?
Gulf of Mannar
444
Biosphere reserves
Edward Suess
445
Biosphere reserves
Edward Suess
446
Which of the following aerial photographs are suitable for wildlifemanagement in Corbett and Rajaji National Park
Small scale photographs
447
Which of the following National Parks is unique in being swamp with fl oating vegetation that supports a rich biodiversity?
The Keibul Lamjao National Park is situated in Bishnupur district of Manipur. This national park is characterized by many fl oating decomposed plant materials locally called phumdis.
448
Great Himalayan National Park, which has been accorded the UNESCO World Heritage Site status, is located in
Himachal Pradesh
449
Which one of the following is (regarding area) the largest UNESCO approved biosphere reserve of India?
Gulf of Mannar
450
garden of fi ve seasons is located near
garden of fi ve seasons is located near Mehrauli. The Garden was inaugurated in February, 2003. It spans over 20 acres of lan
451
garden of fi ve seasons is located near
garden of fi ve seasons is located near Mehrauli. The Garden was inaugurated in February, 2003. It spans over 20 acres of lan
452
The world’s largest population of tigers is in India. It is estimated
453
Which of the following National Parks has started to use a drone or unmanned aerial vehicle for wildlife management?
Recently, Bandipur Tiger Reserve of Karnataka has started to use a drone or unmanned aerial vehicle for wildlife management.
454
Great Indian Hornbill’ in
Western Ghats
455
you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which one of the following is the best place to visit?
Chambal River
456
Kaziranga - Kudremukh - Silent Valley - Golaghat-NawgaonChikmagalurPalghat
Pench Valley - Nagpur
457
Kaziranga - Kudremukh - Silent Valley - Golaghat-NawgaonChikmagalurPalghat
Pench Valley - Nagpur
458
At which place India’s fi rst Butterfl y Park has been established
Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bangalore
459
The Corbett National Park gets its water from
Ramganga river
460
Which one of the following National Park has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperature and Arctic?
Namdapha National Park
461
Buxa Tiger Reserve is located in which State of India
West Bengal
462
Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve is located in
Nepal
463
The “Cloud Goats” of the Nilgiri is found in-
The Cloud Goats of Nilgiri is found in Eravikulam National Park. They are rare species and called Nilgiri Tahr
464
The Chinar Wild Life Sanctuary is located in –
Kerala
465
The Chinar Wild Life Sanctuary is located in –
Kerala
466
Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary is situated in –
Gurgaon
467
Which of the following countries has more than 30% of its total area under National Parks
Bhutan
468
largest Botanical garden of the world is a
Kew (England)
469
Among the following energy sources which one is used maximum in organic form
Solar Energy
470
Which of the following fuels produces least environmental pollution?
Hydrogen
471
Which one of the following is the best source of generating electricity in India from the viewpoint of sustainable development
Hydro- electricity
472
Which one of the following is a bio-diesel crop?
Jatroph
Biofuel development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and processing of Jatropha plant seeds which are very rich in oil (40%). Jatropha oil can be used after extraction in diesel generators and engines. Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the fuel requirements of the remote rural and forest communities
473
fi rst summit of 'International Solar Alliance' was held in which of the following cities?
New Delhi
474
Incinerators are used for which of the following?
Burning wastes
475
which of the following areas of India geothermal energy sources have not been found?
Ganga Delta
476
. Minerals B. Solar energy C. Biogas D. Deforestatio
Minerals are exhaustible which means if we extract this resource, one day it will run out while solar energy is inexhaustible. Methane and carbon dioxides are Biogas and deforestation would aff ect rainfall. Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
477
Bio- degradable pollutant
Domestic waste (garbage), faecal matter, sewage, cattle dung, animal bones, etc are biodegradable pollutants.
478
Photochemical smog is
Photochemical smog is generated by the combination of smoke and fog. *Photochemical smog is a state of air pollution.
479
Photochemical smog is aPhotochemical smog is a secondary air pollutant and generally formed in traffi c congested metropolitan cities where warm conditions and intense solar radiation are present
480
Photochemical smog is especially formed by t
Photochemical smog is especially formed by the reaction of Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Ozone (O3) and Peroxyacetyl nitrate.
481
PAN combines with
PAN combines with air and oxygen to form smog. Visibility decreases due to excessive smog formation.
482
primary pollutants e.
e.g. CO, CO2, SO2, etc.
483
secondary
Those air pollutants, which are produced due to the reaction between primary air pollutantsand common atmospheric substances are known as secondary pollutants. e.g. Ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate etc
484
Lead is used as
Lead is used as an anti-knocking agent in engines. Lead is an air pollutant that leads to serious health disorders. Lead hinders development of the brain in children, reduces their IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and is responsible for heart and respiratory diseases in adults.
485
Lead is used as a
Lead is used as an anti-knocking agent in engines. Lead is an air pollutant that leads to serious health disorders. Lead hinders development of the brain in children, reduces their IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and is responsible for heart and respiratory diseases in adults.
486
carbon monoxide
The colourless gas released from the motor car and incomplete combustion of cigaratte is carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a primary air pollutant.
487
carboxy-haemoglobin,
It combines with haemoglobin present in the blood to form carboxy-haemoglobin, due to which oxygen carrying capacity of blood reduces
488
Fly ash is
Fly ash is a pollutant obtained from the combustion of coal
489
cigarette smoke contains gases like
cigarette smoke contains gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxide as well as with unstable chemical compounds like Formaldehyde, Acrolein and Benzene are also present in them
490
Bio-indicators
are living organisms that respond in an specially clear way to a change in the environment. The lichens are useful bioindicators for air pollution, especially sulphur dioxide pollution since they derive their water and essential nutrients mainly from the atmosphere rather than from the soil
