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ren r 105 > part 2 > Flashcards

part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

stages of deep history of climate

A
  1. margine life diversifies in extreme heat
  2. land plants develop and absorb CO2
  3. polar ice caps form
  4. volcanoes and erosion cause CO2 level cycling
  5. mammals eveolve
  6. recent claciations and rapid warming in Holocence/anthropocene
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2
Q

Gaia hypothesis

A

idea by lovelock on marguilis that earth’s systems self regulate, non-living and living systems feed into eachother

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3
Q

what is a hothouse

A

period of global warm temperatures (without ice caps), most severe at poles

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4
Q

basis for gaia hypotheses

A

earth’s temperature stays within a narrow range for past 3.6 Ga despite increase in solar intensity by 25%

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5
Q

dasiyworld model

A

model by lovelock and watson that showed how daisies with different albedos regulate the temperature/are regulated by temperature

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6
Q

climatic optimum

A

5.5-9ka when temepratures were warmer, had the greatest amount of solar luminosity

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7
Q

end of the younger dryas

A

time after 11.6 ka, end of a cold event

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8
Q

what period are we currently in

A

neoglacial period (since 5ka), post little ice age, more glacial advances than previous years

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9
Q

how does treeline change with climate

A

higher treelines indicate warmer climates (higher during holocene optimum compared to now)

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10
Q

climate variability over past 1500 years

A

2 cool, 2 warm periods: dark ages, medieval warm period, little ice age, modern global warming

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11
Q

mean annual solar insolation at TEA

A

340w/m^2

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12
Q

variation in irradiation

A

400 @ equator
190 @ poles

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13
Q

how much have milankovitch cycles affected radiance

A

up to 25%

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14
Q

solar constant/radiation if earth was a disc

A

1360w/m^2

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15
Q

what causes runaway warming/cooling

A

when incoming shortwave radiation does not equal outgoing longwave radiation

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16
Q

what are some factors that decrease absorbed radiation at the surface

A

backscattering from air, absorption from water vapor/dust/ozone/clouds, reflection by clouds/surface

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17
Q

how does the greenhouse effect work

A

shortwave passes through co2, but longwave (outgoing) excites it and reflects it back to earth

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18
Q

what do plancks curves show

A

that when CO2 goes from 300-600ppm there is a difference in absorption of 3.4w/m^2

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19
Q

when does co2 increases have the most effect

A

lower levels of co2

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20
Q

how to compare greenhouse gases

A

radiative force: gas characteristics, abundance, indirect effect

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21
Q

water vapor and clounds greenhosue effect

A

largest greenhouse effect, short cycling times, positive feedback loop with increased temperatures

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22
Q

breakdown of radiative forcing

A

50% water vapor
25% clouds
20% co2
5% other gasses

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23
Q

natural sources of radiative forcing

A

cyclical varations in solar activity, volcanic activity (short term cooling effect

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24
Q

why is CO2 such a concern

A

despite having a low atmospheric composition 0.04%, it has major role in warming, intertial/long cycling –> future warming, high rate of growth

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25
Q

mauna loa CO2 levels

A

275ppm (ice core), 315 in 1958, 420ppm today

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26
Q

range of co2 levels in past 800ka

A

180-275ppm (higher in history)

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27
Q

per capita co2 emissions

A

15 ton per person in canada

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28
Q

what is gis

A

geographical information system

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29
Q

georefrenced data

A

it must be possible to relate data points to a location

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30
Q

vector vs raster points

A

vector: discrete features
raster: continuous phenomena as a regular grid of cells

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31
Q

increase in temperature from 1900

A

1.5C warmer today, land (2) warmer than oceans (1) because of thermal lag

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32
Q

issues with historic climate records

A

geographic bias, high extrapolation pre 19000

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33
Q

warming bias from urbanization

A

90+% of weather stations dont meet citing requirements, leading to artificially warm temperature

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34
Q

urban heat island effect

A

3C warmer in cities than rural because of concrete and no tree cover

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35
Q

satellite vs weather station climate anomaly

A

0.13/decade vs 0.16/decade

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36
Q

climate anomaly since pre-industrial times

A

1-1.5 varied by region

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37
Q

global dimming

A

sulfate reduce expected climate warming by blocking solar heating

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38
Q

arctic amplification

A

climate warming is greater at higher latitiudes/altitudes because of positive feedback from seaicemelt and air warming because of ice albedo
- up to 4C higher

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39
Q

sea ice extent

A

september is when sea ice is lowest, most ice now is annual ice

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40
Q

high altitude amplification

A

pver past 20y, 75% faster warming amove 4000m because of snow beds

41
Q

why especially high temperatures ince 2022?

A

hunga tonga erruption increasing water vapor by a TON

42
Q

global greening

A

increased warming and CO2 increase plant growth

43
Q

why has cereal production increased

A

innovation (green revolution), and increases in CO2 –> increased yield

44
Q

GCM

A

general circulation model/global climate model)
- uses navier stokes equations and thermodynamics for simulation earth’s environment
- weather and climate change forcasting

45
Q

IPCC

A

group within the UN for physical science, impacts adatpation & vulnerability, nad mitigation. that crease assessment reports

46
Q

coupled model intercomparison project

A

uses standard GCMs, couples areas of earth’s climate to model climate change

47
Q

represenetative concentration pathways

A

different trajectories of GHG emissions and climate change

48
Q

RCP 8.5

A

warmest future, no mitigation

49
Q

RCP 6.0

A

moderate mitigation, uses technology and strategy for reducing GHG emission

50
Q

RCP 4.5

A

moderate mitigation

51
Q

RCP 2.6

A

mitigation, low greenhouse gas concentration, “peak and decline” scenario

52
Q

potential ssps

A

sustainability, middle of the road, regional rivalry, inequality, fossil fueled development

53
Q

most likely scenario

A

SSP 1/2; RCP 2.6-4.5

54
Q

how are uncertainties among GCMs accounted for

A

Ensembles: average of multiple models

55
Q

challenges in projecting GHG based climate models

A

estimating population growth, energy use, geopolitics

56
Q

changes in clobal fertility rate/ canadas fertility rate

A

more than halved since the 60s. canada currently at 1.33

57
Q

net zeo pathway investment

A

2.4 trillion/yr USD to 2035

58
Q

bulls eye effect

A

increased urbanization/expanded city causes more economic damages from the same flood

59
Q

velocity of climate change

A

how fas tyou need to migrate to maintain the same climate (also affected by terrain)

60
Q

how to assess climate risk for a species

A

climate velocity x habitat fragmentation

61
Q

climate change refugia

A

areas of stable paleoclimates/escape climate (historically) or areas that will be more stable in the future/lowclimate change velocity

62
Q

energy flow through trophic levels

A

only 10% energy retained as you move up a level –> less biomass at the top

63
Q

bioaccumulation

A

toxins are accumulated at higher levels, higher tropic levels have higher concentrations of toxins

64
Q

green world hypothesis

A

predators reduce the abundance of herbivores, allowing plants to fluorish (top-down control)

65
Q

Barro colorado island

A

tropical research area that was connected to the mainland prior to the panama canal

66
Q

terbourgh

A

The big things that run the world. examined trophic cascades and the loss of groundbirds on BCI, then in venezeula

67
Q

effects of trophic cascade in venezeula

A

loss of vegetation, increase in certain species of ants, thorny vines kill trees

68
Q

wolves in yellowstone

A

wolves extripated 1926–> incerase in elk –> impacs on trees (reduced species, numbers)
wolves reintroduced 1995

69
Q

generalizations of trophic cascades

A

apex prdators control hyper-abundant herbicores, apex predators can be irrelevant, systems with larger herbivore populations can be sensitive to predator losses

70
Q

biosphere

A

place on earth where life dwells, sum of all living organisms, closed/self regulating systems

71
Q

biomass proxy

A

proxies like chlorophyll/remote sensing/normalized difference vegetation index quantifies amount of green plants to determine the prodcution of a biosphere

72
Q

holdridge’s life zone

A

three axes: precipitation, biotemperature, potentiall evapotranspiration ratio, organized in a triangle

73
Q

whittaker’s biome

A

biome classification using MAP and MAT

74
Q

whittaker’s ecosystem uncertain

A

vast areas of non-forested vegetation occurs where climates are suited for forests, why?

75
Q

Bond’s ecosystem uncertain

A

areas of the wrold are consumer controlled (biotic consumers, fire as an abiotic consumer), leading to unforested areas

76
Q

ecoregions

A

information on local soils and landforms, increasing detail based on level

77
Q

disjunct genera

A

large number of shared genera between areas that are not geographically close

78
Q

Gray’s hypothesis

A

suggested that there was a closer relationship between EAS and ENA than ENA and WNA (now disproven)

79
Q

key glacial refugia in ENA

A

southern appalachia to gulf coast

80
Q

western refugia

A

more complicaed because of mountains/deserts

81
Q

reids paradox

A

mismatch of theoretical and actual migration rates (esp holocene postglacial)

82
Q

explanation of reids paradox

A

occasional, long distance events are probably due to active dispersal

83
Q

examples of reids paradox

A

oaks migrate faster than other eastern deciduous because of larger seeds

84
Q

rapoport’s rule

A

ranges of plants and animals increase with latitute

85
Q

bergmanns rule

A

body size of animals increases in colder environments (thus with latitude)

86
Q

factors that limit range of a species

A

abiotic - climate (high latitude), and biotic - competition (low latitiude)

87
Q

grinellian niche

A

ecological role of the specieas –> their habitat and adaptations to it

88
Q

eltonian niche

A

a species’ place in the biotic environment (trophic levels)

89
Q

hutchinsonian niche

A

ecological space occupied by a species –> where would this speices have poitive growth rates

90
Q

types of hutchinsonian niches

A

fundamental, potential, realized

91
Q

fundamental niche

A

all of the possible conditions where a species could persist

92
Q

potential nice

A

intersection of the fundamental niche and the climatic space

93
Q

realized niche

A

segment occupied by the speices (accounts for biotic interactions and dispersal)

94
Q

niche conservatism

A

retention of niche related ecological traits

95
Q

what must species with strong climatic nc do

A

migrate or go extinct, critical in response to climate change

96
Q

BAM venn diagram approach

A

biotic, abiotic, movement domains to a niche sapce, compares favorable biotic encironments, physiological requiements, and accessible habitat

97
Q

eltonian noise hypothesis

A

abiotic and biotic niches are roughly equal. allows to model species distribution with climate change without considering biotic relationships

98
Q

hutchinsons duality

A

species occupy geographic and environmental spaces
- one g-space only has one e-space
- an e-space can have many g-spaces

ren r 105 (2 decks)

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