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ren r 105 > part 1 > Flashcards

part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pinchot

A
  • hetch hetchy valley
  • utilian conservationist
  • pro dam
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2
Q

muir

A

hetch hetchy valley
- protect the valley (no dam)
- perservationist view

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3
Q

Aldo leopold

A

father of modern conservation/land ethic. early recognition of trophic cascades (ramifications of lack of predators)

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4
Q

rachel carson

A

helped to ban DDT and other pesticides because of air/water pollution

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5
Q

david schindler

A

double basin experimental lakes, showed effect of phosphorus on aquatic ecosystems

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6
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

first proposed by lloyd - overgrazing
expanded by hardin for shared public resources

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7
Q

management of the tragedy of the commons

A

regulation or privitization

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8
Q

ehrlich

A

predicted an apocalyptic overpopulation issue which would lead to famine and war

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9
Q

simon-ehrlich wager

A

simon: more humans = more innovation = less problems
ehrlich: more people = scarcity = prices up

simon won

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10
Q

malthusian trap

A

population growth exponential, food supply rowth linear, will trigger a population die off

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11
Q

borlaug

A

father of the green revolution, corss breeding crops for higher yield

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12
Q

haber

A

developed method to convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, use for fertilizer

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13
Q

nelson

A

policy and legislation in response to the growing environmental movement

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14
Q

natural pH of precipitation

A

5.6

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15
Q

causes of acid rain

A

sulfur dioxide/nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels leads to more acidic precipitation

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16
Q

where did acid rain have greatest effect

A

areas in the east without alkaline soil to buffer the pH

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17
Q

Jared diamond

A

evil quartet to ecological apocalypse
- overexploitation
- non-native species
- habitat loss
- chains of linked extinctions

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18
Q

Lovelock

A

CFCs for refrigerants, solvents, aerosols lead to destruction of ozone layer

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19
Q

Hansen

A

publication that showed global surface temps were rising 0.2C/decade

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20
Q

science

A

process of gaining knowledge about the natural world

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21
Q

scientists

A

those who seek to understand the world and its operations

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22
Q

scientific method

A

use of experiments/observations to explain something in nature

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23
Q

hypothesis

A

prediction that explains why a phenomenon occurs, proposal of a postulate

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24
Q

theory

A

widely accepted/tested explanation for phenomena

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25
Q

law

A

description of how nature behaves under certain conditions

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26
Q

holism

A

top-down approach of science. good for properties of groups not explained by their components (emergent phenomena), WILSON

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27
Q

reductionism

A

describes systems by their parts. CRICK –> all biology can be explained by chemistry

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28
Q

normative science

A

information developed for a particular outcome, common in applied science, LACKEY

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29
Q

descriptive science

A

entirely fact/evidence based

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30
Q

deductive reasoning

A

common in basic sciences, builds up a principle

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31
Q

inductive reasoning

A

common in applied, proves a general principle through observation

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32
Q

popper

A

falsification of hypothesis, single hypothesis disproved by data

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33
Q

kuhn

A

paradigms, nromal science, scientific revolution: sungle hypothesis rules until it is overruled

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34
Q

polyani

A

republic of science: multiple views allowed/compared

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35
Q

lakatos

A

scientific research program: confrontation of multiple hypotheses by a single person

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36
Q

qualifications of a hypothesis

A

must be testable, falsifiable. can be disproven, but never proven

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37
Q

chamberlain

A

MWH, reduces preference/attatchment to a certain idea

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38
Q

assumptions

A

what we believe with no proofa

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39
Q

axioms

A

what we know is true based on past research

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40
Q

postulate

A

assertation of relationshops between concepts

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41
Q

scope of inference

A

sets what the results apply for

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42
Q

manipulative experiments

A

manipulation of one factor while holding other factors constant

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43
Q

park grass study

A

long standing english study to show effect of fertilization and pH on different areas of soil

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44
Q

natural experiments

A

large-scale phenomena observed after the results of natural events

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45
Q

observational study

A

describing something from an outside perspective (possible to mix with natural experiments)

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46
Q

levels of evidence

A

meta-analysis>manipulative study>natural>observational

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47
Q

meta-analysis

A

synthesis of multiple studies to find more than separately

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48
Q

role of replication

A

especially important in proving surprising results, key to self correction

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49
Q

pasteur

A

solved problems quickly, not attatched to a particular answer

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50
Q

group think, elitism, politics

A

people get attatched to their theories, politics can influence what studies are done and how their results are interpreted

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51
Q

peer review

A

other scientists review the quality of another’s work, ensures consistency

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52
Q

winner’s curse

A

published articles tend to have exaggerated results

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53
Q

uncertainty

A

difficult to determine future values/extensions of many studies

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54
Q

horrobin’s hypothesis

A

impossible to know which new ideas are valuable, should discuss all

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55
Q

scientific gatekeeping

A

editors might reject important ideas before actual scienfific review

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56
Q

publication bias

A

papers are more likely to published when they have interesting, new results, null-result paper are less likely to be published

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57
Q

dimensions of science literacy

A

civic, digital media, cognitive/opinion

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58
Q

big bang

A

13.8 Ga

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59
Q

when does universe expansion speed up

A

1 Ga after big band

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60
Q

formation of solar system/sun

A

5 Ga (young within the galaxy)

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61
Q

formation of earth

A

4.54 Ga

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62
Q

theia impact

A

mars-sized impact 4.5 Ga, debris knocked off = moon

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63
Q

start of life on earth (LUCA)

A

3.8 Ga

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64
Q

lithosphere

A

solid outer part of earth, crust and upper mantle

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65
Q

eons

A

hadean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic

66
Q

eras

A

precambrian = pre phanerozoic, paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

67
Q

longest eon

A

proterozoic

68
Q

periods within the mesozoic era

A

triassic, jurassic, cretaceous

69
Q

period/ephochs within cenozoic era

A

quaternary period, pleistocene, holocene epochs

70
Q

rock aging within canada

A

oldest rocks around canadian shield/southern ontario, relatively young rock elsewhere

71
Q

volcanic rocks

A

igneous rock formed from surface lava, west cost

72
Q

plutonic rock

A

igneous rock from from cooled magma, canadian shield

73
Q

metamorphic rock

A

formed rom recrystallized minerals under high pressure

74
Q

primary canadian rock composition

A

sedimentary rock (limestone, dolomite)

75
Q

sedimentary rock composition

A

form from pieces of other rocks that b=have been “glued” together or minerals precipitated from water

76
Q

lake distribution

A

more lakes in canadian shield because bedrock has less drainage than sedimentary rock

77
Q

origins of the first lithosphere

A

continents started forming 3 Ga (hotter, more convection in the mantle), rocks rose to the surfce which formed the lithospherec

78
Q

craton

A

old floating pieces of lithosphere, stable part of continent, foundation rock

79
Q

when were margins added to cratons

A

1Ga-500Ma, added by plate tectonics

80
Q

north american cratons

A

3Ga, 250km thick, superior, slave, churchill, wyoming

81
Q

continental drift

A

movement of continents, important for biodiversity and biogeography

82
Q

mesozoic era

A

252-66 Ma, time of the dinosaurs, began at the permian triassic extinction

83
Q

P-T extinction event

A

earth’s most severe extinction event, high temos and CO2, mightve been an asteroid

84
Q

triassic period

A

252-201 Ma, recovery of extinction event, breakup of pangaea, expansion of dinosaurs and gymnosperms

85
Q

jurassic period

A

201-145 Ma, more tropical/humid, expansion of seas, domination of dinosaurs, first true mammals

86
Q

cretaceous period

A

145-66 Ma, seas expand, more seasonality, birds developing, volcanic erruptions

87
Q

when did alerta form land mass

A

late cretaceous period (corresponds to dinos –> fossils)

88
Q

rock bed

A

different layers of rock

89
Q

rock contacts

A

layers between beds

90
Q

dark black layers of rock

A

coal formed during swampy conditions

91
Q

K-T/K-Pg boundary

A

point between cretaceous and teritary/paleogene boundary. 65.5 Ma, when large dinos disappeared, high lebels of iridium in rock

92
Q

luis and walter alvarez

A

father-son duo who determined the mimimum 10km diaeter of the impact

93
Q

craters of the K-T impact

A

Yucatan (first), ukraine, india (largest)

94
Q

when were the rockies formed

A

late paelozoic era - 185-55 Ma, from sedimentary rock

95
Q

rock aging in drumheller, canadian shield, athabasca sand dune

A

mesozoic/cenozoic, precambrian

96
Q

alberta rivers to arctic ocean

A

hay river, peace river, athabasca river

97
Q
A
98
Q

alberta rivers to hudsons bay

A

north sask river, red deer river, south sask river

99
Q

albeta rivers to mississippi

A

milk river

100
Q

alberta terrain

A

caribou mountains, chinchage, buffalo head hills, birth mountains, rocky mountains, swan hills, foohills/front ranges, cypress hills

101
Q

most recent glaciation

A

wisconsin glaciation

102
Q

how many glaciations in the past 500k years

A

5

103
Q

what are milankovitch cycles

A

explanation of earth’s long term climate changes due to changes in earths orbit, tilt, and wobble

104
Q

glaciers in southern hemisphere

A

mostly in antartic

105
Q

what type of air gets more glaciation

A

humid areas

106
Q

when was the peak of the wisconsin glaciation

A

20ka

107
Q

beringia

A

area in siberia/yukon that was free of ice (too dry)

108
Q

ice sheets o the wisconsin glaciation

A

cordilleran (mountains), laurentide (keewatin and labrador)

109
Q

driftless area

A

area where no glaciation has hit over the last 4-5 glaciations, refugia for species, many more spring streams (trout)

110
Q

isostatic rebound

A

high glaciation = compression/single of the crust and mantle, resulting in peripheral bulge, when glacier’s gone, land bounses back

111
Q

stranded beaches

A

each strand = former shoreline due to isostatic rebound

112
Q

NA ice free corridor

A

coast and yukon –> alberta, open by 13.8 ka

113
Q

proglacial lakes

A

massive lakes formed as glaciers receded

114
Q

what caused glacial lake agassiz to drain

A

isostatic rebound pushing water over divides/ice dams

115
Q

mega floods from glacial lake agassiz

A

clearwater to athabasca to arctic, lasted 78 days, cut the clearwater gorge

116
Q

younger dryas

A

time of rapid change, cooling 12.9ka, warming 11.7 ka, named after arctic plant speading to europe, could be ET impact

117
Q

push moraines

A

advance of glacier pushes debris

118
Q

dump moraines

A

debris is dumped off the end of a glacier

119
Q

ablation moraine

A

glacier melts in place, leaves the debris that was on top as a moraine (potential ice core_

120
Q

esker

A

ridges caused by glacial streams within/on top/below the ice sheet

121
Q

drumlins

A

boat shaped hills under ice, thought to be scouring, more likely from water flow

122
Q

glacial erratics

A

large chunks of rock deposited far away as glaciers flow

123
Q

kames

A

donut shaped deposits as a result of the collapse and subsequent slumping of debris

124
Q

glaciolacustrine

A

glacial lake deposits

125
Q

glaciofluvial

A

glacial river deposits

126
Q

what percent of earths water is freshwater

A

1%

127
Q

where is most usable water on earth found

A

groundwater

128
Q

main steps in the water cycle

A

evaporation, precipitation, transpiration

129
Q

evapotranspiration

A

combination of evaporation and transpiration in plants

130
Q

groundwater

A

water found between sediment, cracks ect

131
Q

aquifers

A

areas of substantial groundwater

132
Q

ancient water

A

really old groundwater that is deep enough to get cut off from the rest of the water cycle

133
Q

epipelagic (photic) layer

A

depth where sunlight can penetrate (200m)

134
Q

mesopelagic

A

200m-10C

135
Q

bathypelagic

A

10C-4C

136
Q

abyssalpelagic

A

4C-6000m

137
Q

hadalpelagic

A

below 6000m

138
Q

mixed layer

A

water at the surface where it is warmer (less dense) and gets mixed by wind, waves, currents

139
Q

thermocline

A

area in water where there is a rapid change in temperature over a short change in depth

140
Q

temperate regions water

A

deeper mixed layers, high seasonalityp

141
Q

polar water

A

constant temperature, lack thermocline

142
Q

tropical water

A

strong thermocline, low seasonality

143
Q

lentic systems

A

non-flowing water

144
Q

lotic systems

A

flowing waterrl

145
Q

worlds largest lake (volume)

A

lake baikal, has high biodiversity because its such a stable environment

146
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

low nutrients (clear water), deeper, high oxygen, green algae

147
Q

eutrophic lakes

A

high nutrients (dark water), shallower, low oxygen, blue-green algae

148
Q

consequences of cultural eutrophication

A

anoxic conditions and lack of life

149
Q

dimitic lakes

A

lakes in temperate/boreal regions where they mix 2x/year

150
Q

turnover

A

mixing of lakes when its at a consistent temperature (4C)

151
Q

epilimnion

A

warm surface layer mixed by wind

152
Q

metalimnion

A

thermocline, prevents mixing between upper and lower layers

153
Q

hypolimnion

A

deepest, coolest water that does not mix

154
Q

Langmuir circulations

A

top-layer circulating cells that form foamlines that run parallel to wind

155
Q

water contamination

A

point source (wastewater plants, factories), non-point source (erosion –> pesticides, nutrients, air pollution, combined sewer/storm drain)

156
Q

layers of the atmosphere

A

thermosphere, mesosphere, statosphere, trophospere

157
Q

ozone layer

A

in the stratosphere, interacts with UV –> increased temps in upper stratosphere

158
Q

jet stream

A

strong band of horizontal wind (polar and subtropical)

159
Q

coriolis effect

A

rotation of the earth resulting in curved wind patterns

160
Q

what are the wind cells

A

hadley, ferrel, polar

161
Q
A

ren r 105 (2 decks)

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