Part 2 (151-300) Flashcards
Values must be similar for a solution to be considered isotonic with blood
osmotic pressure
HYPERTONIC solutions may cause
crenation (shrink)
Sodium chloride equivalents are used to estimate the amount of sodium chloride needed to render a solution isotonic. The sodium chloride equivalent or “E” value may be defined as
amt of Na equivalent to 1g of solt
Reference source has the most extensive listings of sodium chloride equivalents and freezing point depression values
Remington
Second method commonly used for adjusting solutions to isotonicity is based on
freezing point depression
All aqueous solutions that freeze at ~0.52C are isotonic with RBCs. They are also iso-osmotic with each other.
first false; second true
Capacity of human eye for instilled
ophthalmic drops is approximately
0.01 to 0.05 mL
Included in ophthalmic viscosity builders EXCEPT
veegum
Main reason for including methylcellulose and similar agents in ophthalmic solutions
increase ocular contact time
Presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa would be of particular danger in ophthalmic solution of
fluorescein Na
Microorganism that has resulted in ophthalmic infections in patients using contact lens solution
Acanthamoeba
Combination of preservatives that appears to be most effective for ophthalmic use consists of
Benzalkonium Cl
Ingredients may be present in soft contact lens cleaning products to remove protein buildup
substilisin, papain
Presence of sodium bisulfite in a drug
solution implies that the drug
susceptible to oxidation
Side effect occurs in some individuals who are sensitive to bisulfites
difficulty in breathing
Sterilization by membrane filtration of an extemporaneously prepared solution
for heat labile drugs; for sterilizing small vol
Methods suitable for eye clinic to sterilize 15mL of a heat stable solution packaged in glass bottles
steam autoclaving, membrane filtration
Prime reason pharmaceutical companies utilize a lyophilized powder in a parenteral vial
increased stability
Ingredient may be included in lyophilized products as bulking agent
mannitol
Benzyl alcohol is present in some parenteral solution as
antimicrobial preservative
pH is mathematically
-logH+
Data required to determine the pH of a buffer system
Molar conc & pka of weak acid
pH is equal to pKa at
half-neutralization pt
Greatest degree of ionization in water
Hydrochloric acid
Weakest (least ionization) in water
Boric acid
To prepare a buffer system with the greatest buffer capacity at pH of 4, one would use
lactic acid
Drugs intended for formulation into
sustained-release dosage forms
for chronic cond, high therapeutic index
Best candidates for oral-sustained release formulations
w/ half life 4-8hrs
Trademarked sustained-release systems based on encapsulated drug particles that will dissolve at various rates
sequels, spansules
USP established requirements for the amount of active ingredient in dosage forms. Unless otherwise specified in the monograph, the extreme lowest limit below labeled claim allowed for an active ingredient in capsules
30%
Drug products that utilize the osmotic pressure controlled drug delivery system
Procardia XL; Glucotrol XL
Drug products are suitable for sprinkling the contents of the opened capsule onto applesauce before consuming
Depakote; Effexor XR
According to USP, instruction “protect from light” in monograph indicates
store in light resistant containers
Label for trazodone tablets indicates the presence of yellow ferric oxide. Reason this ingredient is most likely to be present
give color to tab
Expiration date on the pharmaceutical container states “expires July 2009.” This statement means that by that expiration date, the product may have lost
Sufficient activity to be outside USP monograph requirements
Pharmacist has reconstituted a powder dosage form to form a solution. Statement concerning a beyond-date is appropriate when determining an expiration date for this product
Beyond-use date for nonsolid dosage forms shall not be greater than 1 year from the date of dispensing
Reconstituted drug solution assays at 1.5mg/mL after 24 h. First-order reaction rate if the original solution concentration was 2mg/mL
0.25/day or 25%
By storing the above-reconstituted drug solution in the refrigerator, its half-life is extended to 4 days. The concentration of the drug solution (mg/mL) after 12 days
0.25 mg/mL
Denaturation is a major stability problem
Proteins
Chemicals suitable for use as antioxidant EXCEPT
chlorobutanol
Units for expressing radioisotope decay
curie, becquerel
Decay of radioactive atoms
as first-order reax
Radiation has the greatest penetrating power
gamma rad
Widely used radioisotopes considered to be an almost ideal isotope for medical applications and is commercially available as radioisotope generator
Tc 99m
Radioisotope generator
Ion-exchange column on which nuclide has been adsorbed
Cough syrup is labeled containing 20%
alcohol by volume.
20mL of alcohol in 100mL of syrup; 40 proof
Included in topical formulas as sunscreens
Benzophenones, cinnamates
Fair-skinned client claims that he normally begins to sunburn in approximately 30 min when
exposed to midday sun. Maximum length of protection could he expect using a sun lotion with
sun protection factor of 12
4 to 6 hrs
Vehicles for nasal protection EXCEPT
High buffer capacity
Difference between Senokot-S and Senokot
Senokot-S contains docusate plus senna
OTC product that may relieve a child’s sour and upset stomach is Children’s Pepto
Active ingredient is calcium carbonate
Nonprescription drug products useful for weight reduction
Alli (Orlistat/Xenical)
Herbal products intended for topical use
Aloe vera, tea tree oil
SAMe has been advocated for
Antidepressant (S-adenosylmethionine)
Eleutherococcus most closely related
Ginseng
Feverfew extract
Prevent migraines
Herbal products may be useful for a 45 year-old who is experiencing hot flashes
Black cohosh
Herbal interfering with the activity of oral birth control tablets
ST. JOHN’S WORT; Reduction in effectiveness of birth control
Nonprescription drug combination containing glucosamine to prevent/treat
Joint pain
Standard methods for extracting active
ingredients from crude herbals
Maceration, percolation
NOT reported as having effect on blood coagulation
Echinacea (for respiratory tract infections)
Herbal exhibiting effect on blood coagulation
Garlic, ginseng, ginkgo, St. John’s wort
Discourage patient from using this herbal
Comfrey (hepatotoxic)
Herbal with hepatoprotective effects
Milk thistle
To treat inflammation and boils
Ichthammol 10%
An astringent/protective
Calamine 10%
To treat a wart on the finger
Salicylic acid 17%
To treat a mild case of psoriasis
Coal tar 2%
Extension of needle that fits onto the syringe
Hub
Portion of needle that is ground for
sharpness
Bevel
Shaft portion of the needle
cannula
Hole in the needle
Lumen (bore)
Solvents for parenteral dosage EXCEPT
parenteral
