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Bio Final SI stuff > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Kreb Cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
    a) ETC
    b) Chemiosmosis
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2
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 act as?

A

Coenzymes, oxidizing agents

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3
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> ATP + 6CO2 + 6 H2O

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4
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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5
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen? (ETC/Chemiosmosis)

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane and intermembrane space

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7
Q

What are the reactants of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+(GAN)

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8
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP, 2 NADH

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9
Q

What are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 CoA and 2 NAD+

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10
Q

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA

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11
Q

What are the reactants of the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD, H2O

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12
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A

(Total, which involves 2 turns)
2 net ATP, X(?) CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

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13
Q

What are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation? (ETC and chemiosmosis)

A

NADH, FADH2, O2, ATP

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14
Q

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

32-34 ATP, NAD+, FAD, H2O

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15
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

GLucose gets broken down into 2 pyruvate

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16
Q

What happens in pyruvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate gets oxidized into Acetyl CoA, releasing 2 CO2 as a byproduct

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17
Q

What happens in the Kreb cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA gets oxidized, making products

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18
Q

What happens in the ETC? Where do E- get passed, and what does this make?

A

E- are transported to the ETC, losing energy with every step. This is passed to O2, which gets reduced to H2O (byproduct).

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19
Q

What happens in chemiosmosis?

A

The proton diffusion through ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to make lots of ATP.

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20
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+6H2O+Light –> 6O2+C6H12O6

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21
Q

What do the light reactions do? What happens from here?

A

Generate chemical energy from light using ATP and NADPH , which powers the Calvin cycle.

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22
Q

Where do the light reactions happen?

A

The thylakoids

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23
Q

What happens in Calvin cycle?

A

Sugar is produced from CO2 and the chemical energy from the Light rxns.

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24
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle happen?

A

Stroma

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25
What are the steps of the light reactions?
26
What are the steps of the Calvin cycle?
1. Carbon Fixation- CO2 fixated by combining 3 CO2 with 3 RUBP to make 3 6 carbon molecules, which is catalyzed by Rubisco (Check phrasing) 2. Reducition- Each 6 carbon molecule is manipulated and reduced to make 6 G3P molecules, 1 of which is used by the cell. 3. Regeneration- 5 of the G3P molecules are recycled to regenerate RUBP to be used in the cycle again
27
What is paracrine signaling? What type of signaling is this?
Signaling molecules released from the cells, travel to nearby cells, local
28
How does direct contact signaling work? What type of signaling is this?
Cell junctions and cell surface molecules (EG gap junctionis, plasmodesmata, cell-surface molecules), local
29
What is endocrine/hormone signaling? What type of signaling is this?
Hormones are released and travel through the bloodstream, only interact with cells that have that receptor. Long-distance
30
What are the steps of the GCPR pathway?
1. When GDP attaches to the G protein, the G protein is inactive. 2. Signaling molecule binds to GCPR, which changes the receptor shape and activates it. The cytoplasmic site binds to inactive G protein, which displaces GDP from GTP and activates G protein 3. Activated G protein diffuses along emmbrane and binds to enzyme, activating it and causing a cellular response. 4. The G protein acts as GTPase, hydrolyzing GTP into GDP+ +i, inactivating the enzyme and G protein to shut down the pathway once the ligand isn't present
31
What happens in G1 phase?
Metabolic growth and activity, making proteins and organellesW
32
What happens at the G1 checkpoint?
CHeck to see if the cell is ready to replicate (Checking size, growth factors, proteins, nutrients)
33
What happens in G2 phase?
Metabolic growth and activity, preparing for division
34
What happens in S phase?
Synthesis, metabolic growth and activity, DNA replication (Chromosome turns into 2 DNA molecules)
35
What happens in G2 checkpont?
Metabolic growth and activity, making sure cell is ready to divide, proper DNA replication, checking for DNA damage and MPF accumulation
36
What is cyclin? When is it at its highest?
A protein that fluctuates through cell cycle, mitosis
37
How do CDK levels relate to cyclin? What does it do, and what happens agter?
Rises and falls with cyclin, combines with it to make MPF, which gets recycled
38
What is MPF? What does it cause?
Mitosis promoting factor, cyclin and CDK complex that triggers the cell to pass into Mitosis past G2 checkpoint.
39
What does MPR act like? What does it do?
Kinase, phosphorylates proteins involved in mitosis to activate them
40
What happens during prophase?
Chromosomes begin to form from chromatin Nucleoli disappear Mitotic spindle starts forming Centrosomes move away from each other
41
How many chromosomes are there in prophase? How many DNA molecules?
46, 92
42
What happens during prometaphase?
-Nuclear envelope fragments -Kinetochore forms at each centromere (2 per chromosome) --Some microtubules attach to kinetochores
43
What happens during metaphase?
-Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate due to microtubules pushing them -Centrosomes at oppositer poles, all kinetochores attached to mictotubules
44
What happens at the M checkpoint?
Checking that chromosomes are all attached to spindle at metaphase plate. If yes, proceed to anaphase. If not, stop.
45
What happens during Anaphase?
-Chromosomes are pulled apart into daughter cells by microtubules -Cohesin proteins hold sister chromatids are cleaved -Cell elongates
46
What happens during telophase?
-2 daughter nuclei form -Chromosomes uncondense -Remaining microtubules break down
47
What happens during cytokinesis?
-Cytoplasm splits, cell splits -Cleavage furrow forms, on cytoplasmic side contractile ring of actin pinches cell into 2
48
How many chromosomes are there in anaphase? How many DNA molecules?
92, 92
49
How many chromosomes are there in cytokinesis? How many DNA molecules?
46, 46
50
What is crossing over? When does it happen?
Homologs associate, nonsister chromatds cross over and recombinate and exchange genetic material (prophase I)
51
How many rounds of division are there in meiosis?
2
52
How do cells divide in meiosis I? What stage is this?
Homologous pairs line up on metaphase plate and separate, anaphase I.
53
How do cells divide in meiosis II? What stage is this?
Sister chromatids separate, anaphase II.
54
What happens in metaphase I?
the orientation of homolog pairs on the metaphase plate is independent of one another
55
What is independent assortment?
Each gene is determined independently of other genes, random chance of each gene getting passed over
56
What is crossing over?
2 chromosomes swapping info, random combo of traits
57
What are mutations?
Changes in DNA that make new alleles, original source of genetic variation
58
What is random fertilization?
Any sperm can fertilize with any egg- Leads to trillions of possible combos of genetic info
59
Are cells produced by meiosis diploid or haploid?
Haploid
60
What is a character?
Heritable, varying feaature across organisms (EG flower color)
61
What is a trait?
A specific variant of a character (EG white, purple flowers)
62
What is true breeding?
Producing the same variety for a specific character over many generations of self crossing
63
What is an allele?
An alternate version of a gene
64
What is a genotype?
Combination of alleles that codes for a trait
65
What is a monohybrid?
A hybrid that's heterozygous for a trait in a cross
66
What is a dihybrid?
A hybrid that's heterozygous for 2 traits in a cross
67
What is a test cross?
Breeding an organism with a recessive homozygous organism to determine its genotype
68
What was Mendel's experiment and results?
Looking at flower colors and generations: P: All true breeding F1: All P hybrid F2: Purple:white 3:1 ratio
69
What were some of Mendel's conclusions?
Alleles can differ, dominant determines phenotype Law of segregationL 2 alleles for heritable characteristics segregate during gamete formation
70
What were Morgan's experiments and results?
Crossing white eyed flies with wild type, only males had white eyes F1: All had red eyes F2: Red:White 3:1
71
What did Morgan conclude about fly eye color?
White eyes were recessive, but the gene for eye color had to be on the X chromosome because only male flies had white eyes (no homolog on Y chromosome)
72
Do X and Y chromosomes behave as homologous chromosomes?
No, they carry different information
73
Are polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
74
Are nonpolar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
75
Do polar molecules pass through cell walls easily?
No
76
Do nonpolar molecules pass through cell walls easily?
Yes

Bio Final SI stuff (2 decks)

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