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Bio Final SI stuff > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Kreb Cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
    a) ETC
    b) Chemiosmosis
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2
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 act as?

A

Coenzymes, oxidizing agents

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3
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> ATP + 6CO2 + 6 H2O

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4
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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5
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen? (ETC/Chemiosmosis)

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane and intermembrane space

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7
Q

What are the reactants of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+(GAN)

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8
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP, 2 NADH

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9
Q

What are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 CoA and 2 NAD+

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10
Q

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA

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11
Q

What are the reactants of the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD, H2O

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12
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A

(Total, which involves 2 turns)
2 net ATP, X(?) CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

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13
Q

What are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation? (ETC and chemiosmosis)

A

NADH, FADH2, O2, ATP

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14
Q

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

32-34 ATP, NAD+, FAD, H2O

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15
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

GLucose gets broken down into 2 pyruvate

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16
Q

What happens in pyruvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate gets oxidized into Acetyl CoA, releasing 2 CO2 as a byproduct

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17
Q

What happens in the Kreb cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA gets oxidized, making products

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18
Q

What happens in the ETC? Where do E- get passed, and what does this make?

A

E- are transported to the ETC, losing energy with every step. This is passed to O2, which gets reduced to H2O (byproduct).

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19
Q

What happens in chemiosmosis?

A

The proton diffusion through ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to make lots of ATP.

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20
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+6H2O+Light –> 6O2+C6H12O6

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21
Q

What do the light reactions do? What happens from here?

A

Generate chemical energy from light using ATP and NADPH , which powers the Calvin cycle.

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22
Q

Where do the light reactions happen?

A

The thylakoids

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23
Q

What happens in Calvin cycle?

A

Sugar is produced from CO2 and the chemical energy from the Light rxns.

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24
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle happen?

A

Stroma

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25
Q

What are the steps of the light reactions?

A
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26
Q

What are the steps of the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. Carbon Fixation- CO2 fixated by combining 3 CO2 with 3 RUBP to make 3 6 carbon molecules, which is catalyzed by Rubisco (Check phrasing)
  2. Reducition- Each 6 carbon molecule is manipulated and reduced to make 6 G3P molecules, 1 of which is used by the cell.
  3. Regeneration- 5 of the G3P molecules are recycled to regenerate RUBP to be used in the cycle again
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27
Q

What is paracrine signaling? What type of signaling is this?

A

Signaling molecules released from the cells, travel to nearby cells, local

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28
Q

How does direct contact signaling work? What type of signaling is this?

A

Cell junctions and cell surface molecules (EG gap junctionis, plasmodesmata, cell-surface molecules), local

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29
Q

What is endocrine/hormone signaling? What type of signaling is this?

A

Hormones are released and travel through the bloodstream, only interact with cells that have that receptor. Long-distance

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30
Q

What are the steps of the GCPR pathway?

A
  1. When GDP attaches to the G protein, the G protein is inactive.
  2. Signaling molecule binds to GCPR, which changes the receptor shape and activates it. The cytoplasmic site binds to inactive G protein, which displaces GDP from GTP and activates G protein
  3. Activated G protein diffuses along emmbrane and binds to enzyme, activating it and causing a cellular response.
  4. The G protein acts as GTPase, hydrolyzing GTP into GDP+ +i, inactivating the enzyme and G protein to shut down the pathway once the ligand isn’t present
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31
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

Metabolic growth and activity, making proteins and organellesW

32
Q

What happens at the G1 checkpoint?

A

CHeck to see if the cell is ready to replicate (Checking size, growth factors, proteins, nutrients)

33
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

Metabolic growth and activity, preparing for division

34
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

Synthesis, metabolic growth and activity, DNA replication (Chromosome turns into 2 DNA molecules)

35
Q

What happens in G2 checkpont?

A

Metabolic growth and activity, making sure cell is ready to divide, proper DNA replication, checking for DNA damage and MPF accumulation

36
Q

What is cyclin? When is it at its highest?

A

A protein that fluctuates through cell cycle, mitosis

37
Q

How do CDK levels relate to cyclin? What does it do, and what happens agter?

A

Rises and falls with cyclin, combines with it to make MPF, which gets recycled

38
Q

What is MPF? What does it cause?

A

Mitosis promoting factor, cyclin and CDK complex that triggers the cell to pass into Mitosis past G2 checkpoint.

39
Q

What does MPR act like? What does it do?

A

Kinase, phosphorylates proteins involved in mitosis to activate them

40
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes begin to form from chromatin
Nucleoli disappear
Mitotic spindle starts forming
Centrosomes move away from each other

41
Q

How many chromosomes are there in prophase? How many DNA molecules?

A

46, 92

42
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

-Nuclear envelope fragments
-Kinetochore forms at each centromere (2 per chromosome)
–Some microtubules attach to kinetochores

43
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

-Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate due to microtubules pushing them
-Centrosomes at oppositer poles, all kinetochores attached to mictotubules

44
Q

What happens at the M checkpoint?

A

Checking that chromosomes are all attached to spindle at metaphase plate. If yes, proceed to anaphase. If not, stop.

45
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

-Chromosomes are pulled apart into daughter cells by microtubules
-Cohesin proteins hold sister chromatids are cleaved
-Cell elongates

46
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

-2 daughter nuclei form
-Chromosomes uncondense
-Remaining microtubules break down

47
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

-Cytoplasm splits, cell splits
-Cleavage furrow forms, on cytoplasmic side contractile ring of actin pinches cell into 2

48
Q

How many chromosomes are there in anaphase? How many DNA molecules?

A

92, 92

49
Q

How many chromosomes are there in cytokinesis? How many DNA molecules?

A

46, 46

50
Q

What is crossing over? When does it happen?

A

Homologs associate, nonsister chromatds cross over and recombinate and exchange genetic material (prophase I)

51
Q

How many rounds of division are there in meiosis?

A

2

52
Q

How do cells divide in meiosis I? What stage is this?

A

Homologous pairs line up on metaphase plate and separate, anaphase I.

53
Q

How do cells divide in meiosis II? What stage is this?

A

Sister chromatids separate, anaphase II.

54
Q

What happens in metaphase I?

A

the orientation of homolog pairs on the metaphase plate is independent of one another

55
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Each gene is determined independently of other genes, random chance of each gene getting passed over

56
Q

What is crossing over?

A

2 chromosomes swapping info, random combo of traits

57
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in DNA that make new alleles, original source of genetic variation

58
Q

What is random fertilization?

A

Any sperm can fertilize with any egg- Leads to trillions of possible combos of genetic info

59
Q

Are cells produced by meiosis diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

60
Q

What is a character?

A

Heritable, varying feaature across organisms (EG flower color)

61
Q

What is a trait?

A

A specific variant of a character (EG white, purple flowers)

62
Q

What is true breeding?

A

Producing the same variety for a specific character over many generations of self crossing

63
Q

What is an allele?

A

An alternate version of a gene

64
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Combination of alleles that codes for a trait

65
Q

What is a monohybrid?

A

A hybrid that’s heterozygous for a trait in a cross

66
Q

What is a dihybrid?

A

A hybrid that’s heterozygous for 2 traits in a cross

67
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Breeding an organism with a recessive homozygous organism to determine its genotype

68
Q

What was Mendel’s experiment and results?

A

Looking at flower colors and generations:
P: All true breeding
F1: All P hybrid
F2: Purple:white 3:1 ratio

69
Q

What were some of Mendel’s conclusions?

A

Alleles can differ, dominant determines phenotype
Law of segregationL 2 alleles for heritable characteristics segregate during gamete formation

70
Q

What were Morgan’s experiments and results?

A

Crossing white eyed flies with wild type, only males had white eyes
F1: All had red eyes
F2: Red:White 3:1

71
Q

What did Morgan conclude about fly eye color?

A

White eyes were recessive, but the gene for eye color had to be on the X chromosome because only male flies had white eyes (no homolog on Y chromosome)

72
Q

Do X and Y chromosomes behave as homologous chromosomes?

A

No, they carry different information

73
Q

Are polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

74
Q

Are nonpolar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

75
Q

Do polar molecules pass through cell walls easily?

A

No

76
Q

Do nonpolar molecules pass through cell walls easily?

A

Yes

Bio Final SI stuff (2 decks)

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