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Bio Final SI stuff > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Darwin’s observations/Conclusions

A
  1. Organisms evolve to suit their environment
  2. Individuals in a population vary in heritable traits
  3. Competition happens when there’s more offspring than capable of surviving and reproducing
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1
Q

What makes H bonding special?

A

Partial charges due to difference in electronegativity

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2
Q

What is the top number in the wonky periodic diagram?

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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3
Q

What is the bottom number in the wonky periodic diagram?

A

THe number of protons

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4
Q

What are the emergent properties of H2O?

A
  1. Cohesion (due to IM forces)
  2. Moderate temp (High specific heat)
  3. Expansion, ice < dense than H2O (when freezing, due to H bonding)
  4. Universal solvent (Polar, dissolves other things easily, creating hydration shells)
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5
Q

Ph increases, H+ concentration

A

decreases

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6
Q

Why is Carbon the building block of life?

A

forms a lot of bonds, and can bind to all organic elements we need

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7
Q

What are the three types of isomers?

A

Enantiomers- Mirror
Cis-trans- Different spatial arrangement
Structural- Bonding patterns differ

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8
Q

Why are hydroxyl groups important?

A

Polar covalent, can interact with H2O or other polar molecules

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9
Q

Why are carbonyl groups important?

A

Part of ketones and aldehydes

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10
Q

Why are carboxyl groups important?

A

Act as acids, can raise H+ ion concentration in solutions, important for Amino acids

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11
Q

Why are amino groups important?

A

Act as bases, can lower H+ ion concentration in solution, important for AAs.

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12
Q

Why are sulfhydryl groups important?

A

In cysteine (Amino acid), help make 2ndary protein structure

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13
Q

Why are phosphate groups important?

A

High electronegativity of Oxygen’s gives negative charge- can react with water found in ATP

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14
Q

Why are methyl groups important?

A

Decrease transcription by regulating gene expression and changing shape and function of sex hormones

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15
Q

Polymer of lipids

A

None

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16
Q

Polymer of nucleic acids

A

Nucleic acids

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17
Q

Carbohydrate bonds

A

Glycosidic linkages

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18
Q

Protein bonds

A

Peptide bonds

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19
Q

Lipid bonds

A

Ester linkages

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20
Q

Nucleic acid bonds

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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21
Q

What is the main monosaccharide of carbohydrates?

A

Glucose

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22
Q

What are the types of proteins?

A

Enzymatic, digestive, motor, contractile, defense, transport, receptor

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23
Q

What are some types of lipids?

A

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

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24
Q

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

A

Short term energy, building materials,

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25
Q

Purpose of proteins

A

Basically everything

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26
Q

Purpose of nucleic acids

A

Storing genetic info

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27
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Coiling/folding due to H bonds between common components (Alpha helix, beta sheet)

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28
Q

Teritary structure of proteins

A

R group/side chain interactions

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29
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

Multiple polypeptides interacting

30
Q

What is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic have membrane bound organelles

31
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

hold dna/rna

32
Q

What does the golgi body do?

A

Saends and packages things outside the cell

33
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Make protein

34
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Make lipids

35
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Makes membrane

36
Q

What distinguishes smooth and rough ER?

A

RibosomesW

37
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Digest things

38
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Perform oxidation

39
Q

What aer the three fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

40
Q

What do microtubules do? What are they made of?

A

Move chromosomes, tubulin

41
Q

What are microfilaments made of? What do they do?

A

Actin and myosin, help muscles contract

42
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

Anchor nucleus/organelles

43
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

Fasten cells into strong sheets

44
Q

What do tight cell junctions do?

A

Prevent ECF fluid leakage

45
Q

What do gap cell junctions do?

A

Make cytoplasmic channels for cell-cell communication

46
Q

What do plasmodesmata do?

A

Connect plant cells

47
Q

What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?

A

Let certain things in and out

48
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails

49
Q

What other lipid do we find in the plasma membrane? What does it do?

A

Cholesterol, regulates membrane fluidity at different temperature

50
Q

What are membrane proteins? What do they do?

A

Proteins spanning with of membrane that let certain things in and out that can’t go by themselves

51
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Shape change (find ex and add more detail)

52
Q

Channel proteins

A

TunnelPe

53
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Surface of cell

54
Q

Integral proteins

A

Span into plasma membrane interior

55
Q

Transmembrane proteins- Subtype of what?

A

Span entire membrane (special type of integral protein)

56
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump do? Why?

A

Regulates Na/K levels, lets in 2 K and 3 Na out. Maintains negative internal charge through net loss of cations

57
Q

Diffusion- type of transport and concentration

A

Passive transport, high to low concentration

58
Q

Osmosis, (What it transports and in what direction)

A

H2O diffusion, low to high solute concentration

59
Q

Do cells gain or lose water in hypertonic solutions?

A

Lose

60
Q

Do cells gain or lose water in hypotonic solutions?

A

Gain

61
Q

Does active transport move with or against concentration gradient?

A

Against

62
Q

Does passive transport move with or against concentration gradient?

A

With

63
Q

What’s the difference between simple and facilitarted diffusino

A

Facilitated requires help of transport proteins (still doesn’t need energy) but simple doesn’t

64
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release energy

65
Q

Endergonic rxns

A

Require energy

66
Q

Do enzymes change Gibb’s free energy of a chemical reaction?

A

No

67
Q

What is Gibb’s free energy?

A

Enthalpy+temp+entropy

68
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Adenine attached to 3 phosphates and ribose sugar

69
Q

How is ATP broken down? What happens there? What type of reaction does this usually form?

A

Breaking last phosphate group, usually phosphorylates another molecule, powering an endergonic rxn

70
Q

What are cofactors? What are some examples?

A

Non protein helpers that facilitate a reaxtion by binding to an enzyme with a substate, eg inorganic metal ions like zinc, iron, copper

71
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic cofactors (eg most vitamins)

72
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

Bind to active site, blocking other things from bonding

73
Q

What are noncompetitive inhibitors

A

Bind to allosteric site, changing shape of actice site

Bio Final SI stuff (2 decks)

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