Part 2 Flashcards by Kensia Saintluc

___is an infectious disease of the lung characterized by lesions within the lung tissue.

The lesions may continue to do what ?

The causative organism is what ?

Pulmonary tuberculosis

degenerate and become necrotic, or they may heal by fibrosis and calcification.

the true tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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Refers to an infection with Mycobacterium bacterium tuberculosis disease

May develop into active TB if the immune system is weakened by a serious illness

Latent TB

Like HIV
Advance age

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How is TB spread

The infection often occurs

Through airborne particles that carry the TB bacilli

Or inhaled by a susceptible individual

Occur after prolonged exposure of the disease

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American Indian 
Alaska native
Asian/pacific 
Non Hispanic 
Immigrants are a what

Higher risk of Tb

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It takes Highly contagious airborne organism___For it to replicate

2 to 12 weeks

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What are some sign and symptoms of TB

Cough, low-grade fever in the afternoon, anorexia, loss of weight, fatigue, night sweats, and sometimes hemoptysis(blood in sputum)

Tight or dull chest pain and mucopurulent sputum may occur as the disease progresses.

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The older adult population may not experience the expected signs and symptoms of TB because

The immune response is not as strong in many instances active T infection presents as a chronic pneumonitis

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How is TB diagnosed

Tuberculin skin testing
Blood testing
Radiographic examinations and sputum cultures

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What are the two blood test that is approved by the fda for taking TB

Qaunti feron-Tb

T-spot.Tb test

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What type of radiography test is used for TB

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When is a Dx of active TB established

When are gastric washing done

When the tubercles bacillus has been found in the sputum or gastric washing

Mainly on children’s take 1 to 3 weeks

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Treatment of active TB consists of

And what are the drug for Tb

How long does it take for effective cure when you have pulmonary TB

What is used for LTBI

of at least four drugs for an extended
period of time.

Isoniazid 
Erhambutol
Ridampin 
Pyrazinamide
Rifabutin
Rifapentine

6 to 9 months

One weekly dosing schedule for 12 weeks

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What vitamin has been found to be successful in prevention and treatment of TB

White blood cells convert vitamin D into an

Vitamin D

Into an active form that helps make proteins that kills TB bacteria

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It is possible for the tubercle bacillus to
Attack and damaged part of the body other then the lung

Areas most frequently affected are

TB of the spine, is now quite rare in the United States.

The deformity most commonly seen in this disease is kyphosis, or “hunchback.”

Extrapulmonary Tb

the bones, meninges, urinary system, and reproductive system.

called Pott’s disease

kyphosis, or “hunchback.”

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Because of an increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant TB, directly observed therapy (DOT) is recommended for

Visual observation of the ingestion of each required dose of medication for the entire course of treatment

Often a public health nurse administers the medication at a clinic site.

Follow-up visits are necessary for 12 months after completion of therapy to monitor for the presence of resistant strains.

for patients who are known to be at risk of noncompliance with therapy.

12 months after completion of therapy to monitor for the presence of resistant strains.

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What are some nursing management for tuberculosis

Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung capacity

Noncompliance related to lack of knowledge of disease process and long-term requirements for treatment

Activity intolerance related to fatigue, febrile status, and poor nutritional status

Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to anorexia, fatigue, and productive cough

Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung capacity

Noncompliance related to lack of knowledge of disease process and long-term requirements for treatment

Activity intolerance related to fatigue, febrile status, and poor nutritional status

Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to anorexia, fatigue, and productive cough

What type of isolation are recommended for a hospitalized patient who has active TB

What type of room is the patient placed in

What type of mask

Sputum examination are required win

Airborne infection isolation

Negative pressure isolation room

High efficiency particulate air

Monthly during treatment

Can cause scarring of the lung tissue

Asbestos

Coal dust; dust from hemp, flax, and cotton processing; and exposure to silica in the air all can cause

Asbestos exposure may cause

can cause work-related lung disorders

a rare cancer of the chest lining called mesothelioma

Caused by decreased elasticity or compliance of the lungs or decreased ability of the chest wall to expand

Disorders of the central nervous system or of the neuromuscular system can cause a

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

can cause a restrictive lung disorder.

Myasthenia gravis and arthritis are examples of

Kyphosis of the spine or severe scoliosis may also hamper

What is becoming a major cause of restrictive lung disease

of extrapulmonary causes of a
restrictive disorder

lung expansion, although in these muscular and skeletal disorders, the lung tissue remains normal.

Obesity

A lung disease characterized by granulomas multi system inflammatory ?

It causes fibrotic changes in the what ?

It affects other tissues in the body as well

A cellular immune response seems to be responsible for what?

It is 10time more common in ?

Pt w extrapulmonary or pulmonary disease are treated w ?

Sarcoidosis

lung tissue over time, and the cause is unknown.

It affects other tissues in the body as well.

the tissue changes

African American

Corticosteroids

Occurs from environmental pollution, some medications and interstitial lung diseases that scar the lung tissue

The scarring decreases functional lung tissue.

What are some s/s

How is it Dx

What is the survival rate 10 years after Dx

What type of med is given for more advanced cases

What is another option

Pulmonary fibrosis

Dyspnea
Nonproductive cough
Crackles
Clubbed finger

High resolution CT

20% to 25%

Pirfenidone
Nintedanib

Lung transplantation

An inflammation of the pleura is commonly caused by what?
What another name for it?

TB, pneumonia, neoplasm, and pulmonary infarction all can cause

.
Pleurisy pain is ___and is most evident on___

Pain causes

What may sometimes be heard.

What are some way to relief the pain
What may be performed for severe pain

Pleuritis also called pleurisy
Infection, lupus, and RA

pleurisy

sharp and abrupt in onset and is most evident on inspiration.

shallow breathing.

Pleural friction rub

Laying on the affected side or splinting the affected side
An intercostal nerve block

A collection of fluid in the pleural space It can either be Transudative or exudative

Pleural effusion

is a thin fluid containing no protein that passes from cells into interstitial spaces or through a membrane. How can it occur

Transudate Occurs in noninflammatory conditions Often a result of congestive heart failure, chronic liver failure, or renal disease

Thicker, contains cells and other substances, and is slowly discharged from cells into a body space or to the outside of the body. Where do it occurs & w what disease

Exudative in an area of inflammation caused by the increased capillary permeability characteristic of the inflammatory reaction. Occurs with lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, pancreatic disease, and pulmonary infections

When pleuritis is accompanied by effusion of serous fluid the HCP may perform a what

Throacentesis removal of fluid from the pleural cavity for 500ml

___occurs when the fluid within the pleural cavity becomes infected and the exudate becomes thick and purulent. The organisms causing the infection may be Most of __are secondary to Treatment include

Empyema staphylococci or streptococci. Thoracic surgery, chest tube insertion,thoracentesis Draining of the fluid by one or more chest tube attached to a closed draining system Antibiotics

Characterized by problems with moving air into and out of the lungs Narrowing of the openings in the tracheobronchial tree increases resistance to the flow of air, making it difficult for oxygen to enter, and contributes to air trapping because exhalation also is difficult. What is an example of disease What can cause this

Obstructive pulmonary disorder Chronic bronchitis Asthma Emphysema Atelectasis ``` Cigarettes Inhalation of irritation Chemical Fumes Volcanic eruptions ```

Is a serum protein that inhibit the activity of the enzyme elastase which tend to break down lung tissue If this enzyme is absent and or may develop

Alpha1 antitrypsin ATT The lung tissue is more easily destroyed by elastase Lung disease at an early age or crystic fibrosis

Chronic respiratory disorder in which the bronchi wall are thickened one or more bronchi are permanently dilated Thought to occur as a result of frequent respiratory infections in childhood

Bronchiectasis

A genetic disease in which there is excessive mucus production because of exocrine gland dysfunction It occurs most often in whites. The lungs, intestines, sinuses, reproductive tract, sweat glands, and pancreas are all affected. It is diagnosed by

Cystic fibrosis history, physical examination, and a positive sweat test result.

Uses the term COPD to describe related to Treatment How is it Dx

Emphysema Chronic bronchitis ``` Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents Smoking cessation Respiratory rehabilitation programs Nutrition Complementary and alternative therapies Lung volume reductions surgery ``` By history physical assessment and spirometers reading

Complications of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 🦠

Cor pulmonale Acute respiratory failure Peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease Spontaneous pneumothorax

There is destruction of alveolar and alveolar-capillary way producing what What does it lead to As it progresses what happens What are s/s Treatment

Emphysema Emphysematous Large permanently inflated alveolar air space (Air that is inhaled becomes trapped so it becomes harder to exhale Lung elasticity decrease and hyercapnia and hypoxemia ``` Dyspnea Coughing Interfere w ADLs Diaphragm becomes permanently flattened Muscle tube cage becomes rigid barrel chest ``` Inhaled bronchodilator and steroids

There is excess section of thick tenacious mucus that decrease ciliary function Interfere w airflow and cause inflammatory damage to the bronchial mucosa S/s The retention of Co2 and deficiency of O2

Chronic bronchitis ``` Coughing sputum increased resistance airflow Hypoxia Hypercapnia Polycythemia Hgb &Hct increase ``` give the skin reddish-blue color

The redddish color is also related to an increase in the red blood cell count

Polycythemia