Part 2 Flashcards
___is an infectious disease of the lung characterized by lesions within the lung tissue.
The lesions may continue to do what ?
The causative organism is what ?
Pulmonary tuberculosis
degenerate and become necrotic, or they may heal by fibrosis and calcification.
the true tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Refers to an infection with Mycobacterium bacterium tuberculosis disease
May develop into active TB if the immune system is weakened by a serious illness
Latent TB
Like HIV
Advance age
How is TB spread
The infection often occurs
Through airborne particles that carry the TB bacilli
Or inhaled by a susceptible individual
Occur after prolonged exposure of the disease
American Indian Alaska native Asian/pacific Non Hispanic Immigrants are a what
Higher risk of Tb
It takes Highly contagious airborne organism___For it to replicate
2 to 12 weeks
What are some sign and symptoms of TB
Cough, low-grade fever in the afternoon, anorexia, loss of weight, fatigue, night sweats, and sometimes hemoptysis(blood in sputum)
Tight or dull chest pain and mucopurulent sputum may occur as the disease progresses.
The older adult population may not experience the expected signs and symptoms of TB because
The immune response is not as strong in many instances active T infection presents as a chronic pneumonitis
How is TB diagnosed
Tuberculin skin testing
Blood testing
Radiographic examinations and sputum cultures
What are the two blood test that is approved by the fda for taking TB
Qaunti feron-Tb
T-spot.Tb test
What type of radiography test is used for TB
Ct
When is a Dx of active TB established
When are gastric washing done
When the tubercles bacillus has been found in the sputum or gastric washing
Mainly on children’s take 1 to 3 weeks
Treatment of active TB consists of
And what are the drug for Tb
How long does it take for effective cure when you have pulmonary TB
What is used for LTBI
of at least four drugs for an extended
period of time.
Isoniazid Erhambutol Ridampin Pyrazinamide Rifabutin Rifapentine
6 to 9 months
One weekly dosing schedule for 12 weeks
What vitamin has been found to be successful in prevention and treatment of TB
White blood cells convert vitamin D into an
Vitamin D
Into an active form that helps make proteins that kills TB bacteria
It is possible for the tubercle bacillus to
Attack and damaged part of the body other then the lung
Areas most frequently affected are
TB of the spine, is now quite rare in the United States.
The deformity most commonly seen in this disease is kyphosis, or “hunchback.”
Extrapulmonary Tb
the bones, meninges, urinary system, and reproductive system.
called Pott’s disease
kyphosis, or “hunchback.”
Because of an increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant TB, directly observed therapy (DOT) is recommended for
Visual observation of the ingestion of each required dose of medication for the entire course of treatment
Often a public health nurse administers the medication at a clinic site.
Follow-up visits are necessary for 12 months after completion of therapy to monitor for the presence of resistant strains.
for patients who are known to be at risk of noncompliance with therapy.
12 months after completion of therapy to monitor for the presence of resistant strains.
What are some nursing management for tuberculosis
Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung capacity
Noncompliance related to lack of knowledge of disease process and long-term requirements for treatment
Activity intolerance related to fatigue, febrile status, and poor nutritional status
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to anorexia, fatigue, and productive cough
Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung capacity
Noncompliance related to lack of knowledge of disease process and long-term requirements for treatment
Activity intolerance related to fatigue, febrile status, and poor nutritional status
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to anorexia, fatigue, and productive cough
What type of isolation are recommended for a hospitalized patient who has active TB
What type of room is the patient placed in
What type of mask
Sputum examination are required win
Airborne infection isolation
Negative pressure isolation room
High efficiency particulate air
Monthly during treatment
Can cause scarring of the lung tissue
Asbestos
Coal dust; dust from hemp, flax, and cotton processing; and exposure to silica in the air all can cause
Asbestos exposure may cause
can cause work-related lung disorders
a rare cancer of the chest lining called mesothelioma
.
Caused by decreased elasticity or compliance of the lungs or decreased ability of the chest wall to expand
Disorders of the central nervous system or of the neuromuscular system can cause a
Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders
can cause a restrictive lung disorder.
Myasthenia gravis and arthritis are examples of
Kyphosis of the spine or severe scoliosis may also hamper
What is becoming a major cause of restrictive lung disease
of extrapulmonary causes of a
restrictive disorder
lung expansion, although in these muscular and skeletal disorders, the lung tissue remains normal.
Obesity
A lung disease characterized by granulomas multi system inflammatory ?
It causes fibrotic changes in the what ?
It affects other tissues in the body as well
A cellular immune response seems to be responsible for what?
It is 10time more common in ?
Pt w extrapulmonary or pulmonary disease are treated w ?
Sarcoidosis
lung tissue over time, and the cause is unknown.
It affects other tissues in the body as well.
the tissue changes
African American
Corticosteroids
Occurs from environmental pollution, some medications and interstitial lung diseases that scar the lung tissue
The scarring decreases functional lung tissue.
What are some s/s
How is it Dx
What is the survival rate 10 years after Dx
What type of med is given for more advanced cases
What is another option
Pulmonary fibrosis
Dyspnea
Nonproductive cough
Crackles
Clubbed finger
High resolution CT
20% to 25%
Pirfenidone
Nintedanib
Lung transplantation
An inflammation of the pleura is commonly caused by what?
What another name for it?
TB, pneumonia, neoplasm, and pulmonary infarction all can cause
.
Pleurisy pain is ___and is most evident on___
Pain causes
What may sometimes be heard.
What are some way to relief the pain
What may be performed for severe pain
Pleuritis also called pleurisy
Infection, lupus, and RA
pleurisy
sharp and abrupt in onset and is most evident on inspiration.
shallow breathing.
Pleural friction rub
Laying on the affected side or splinting the affected side
An intercostal nerve block
A collection of fluid in the pleural space
It can either be Transudative or exudative
Pleural effusion
is a thin fluid containing no protein that passes from cells into interstitial spaces or through a membrane.
How can it occur
Transudate
Occurs in noninflammatory conditions
Often a result of congestive heart failure, chronic liver failure, or renal disease
Thicker, contains cells and other substances, and is slowly discharged from cells into a body space or to the outside of the body.
Where do it occurs & w what disease
Exudative
in an area of inflammation caused by the increased capillary permeability characteristic of the inflammatory reaction.
Occurs with lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, pancreatic disease, and pulmonary infections
When pleuritis is accompanied by effusion of serous fluid the HCP may perform a what
Throacentesis removal of fluid from the pleural cavity for 500ml
___occurs when the fluid within the pleural cavity becomes infected and the exudate becomes thick and purulent.
The organisms causing the infection may be
Most of __are secondary to
Treatment include
Empyema
staphylococci or streptococci.
Thoracic surgery, chest tube insertion,thoracentesis
Draining of the fluid by one or more chest tube attached to a closed draining system
Antibiotics
Characterized by problems with moving air into and out of the lungs
Narrowing of the openings in the tracheobronchial tree increases resistance to the flow of air, making it difficult for oxygen to enter, and contributes to air trapping because exhalation also is difficult.
What is an example of disease
What can cause this
Obstructive pulmonary disorder
Chronic bronchitis
Asthma
Emphysema
Atelectasis
Cigarettes Inhalation of irritation Chemical Fumes Volcanic eruptions
Is a serum protein that inhibit the activity of the enzyme elastase which tend to break down lung tissue
If this enzyme is absent and or may develop
Alpha1 antitrypsin ATT
The lung tissue is more easily destroyed by elastase
Lung disease at an early age or crystic fibrosis
Chronic respiratory disorder in which the bronchi wall are thickened one or more bronchi are permanently dilated
Thought to occur as a result of frequent respiratory infections in childhood
Bronchiectasis
A genetic disease in which there is excessive mucus production because of exocrine gland dysfunction
It occurs most often in whites.
The lungs, intestines, sinuses, reproductive tract, sweat glands, and pancreas are all affected.
It is diagnosed by
Cystic fibrosis
history, physical examination, and a positive sweat test result.
Uses the term COPD to describe related to
Treatment
How is it Dx
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents Smoking cessation Respiratory rehabilitation programs Nutrition Complementary and alternative therapies Lung volume reductions surgery
By history physical assessment and spirometers reading
Complications of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 🦠
Cor pulmonale
Acute respiratory failure
Peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease
Spontaneous pneumothorax
There is destruction of alveolar and alveolar-capillary way producing what
What does it lead to
As it progresses what happens
What are s/s
Treatment
Emphysema
Emphysematous
Large permanently inflated alveolar air space
(Air that is inhaled becomes trapped so it becomes harder to exhale
Lung elasticity decrease and hyercapnia and hypoxemia
Dyspnea Coughing Interfere w ADLs Diaphragm becomes permanently flattened Muscle tube cage becomes rigid barrel chest
Inhaled bronchodilator and steroids
There is excess section of thick tenacious mucus that decrease ciliary function
Interfere w airflow and cause inflammatory damage to the bronchial mucosa
S/s
The retention of Co2 and deficiency of O2
Chronic bronchitis
Coughing sputum increased resistance airflow Hypoxia Hypercapnia Polycythemia Hgb &Hct increase
give the skin reddish-blue color
The redddish color is also related to an increase in the red blood cell count
Polycythemia
