part 1 Flashcards
An extension of an upper respiratory infection involving the trachea
Usually viral in origin
acute bronchitis
Early symptoms are similar to Acute bronchitis are?
what are the most common symptom?
what are the treatment ?
what are used if sputum culture
identifies specific bacterial organisms
those of the common cold.
sputum
Treatment includes humidification with warm or cool moist air, cough mixtures, or bronchodilators. rest
antibiotic
An acute, highly infectious disease of the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
influzena
what are the four causes of influenza
Caused by three major types (A, B, and C) and numerous subtypes
and type D
type A & B are responsible for what
seasonal disease epidemics
type C cause
tpye D causes what
mild respiratory illness and does not cause epidemics
affect cattle
how is influenza spread
Spread by direct and indirect contact
what do the influenza affect
respiratory mucosa lungs pharynx sinuses eustachian
Signs and Symptoms of influenza
Virus is usually shed for
Appear 2 to 3 days after exposure
Headache, fever, chills, and muscle aches
Sore throat, hacking cough, runny nose, and nasal congestion
1 to two 2 before the onset of symptoms.
how can you DX influenza
and what will Dx test show
chest radiographs
viral cultural, serology, rapid molecular.
Antibiotics are not effective against and are given when
viral illness and are contraindicated.
if there is evidence of bacterial infection secondary to the viral infection
if a person are known to be at high risk for influenza and exposed to type A influenzas what may the hcp give
these drugs must be started
rimantadine
zamamivir
oseltamivir
within 48 hours of the start of symptoms.
Uncomplicated influenza usually is managed more effectively by
nursing intervention than by drugs or other forms of medical treatment.
nursing intervention for influenza
fluid intake 3000 ml analgesic saline gargles mouth care every 4hrs humidifier rest
extensive inflammation of the lung with either consolidation of the lung tissue as it fills with exudate or interstitial inflammation and edema
pneumonia
pneumonia affect what side of the lung more
one more but it can affect both
is a serious condition affecting an entire lobe of the lung and is usually streptococcus pneumoniae
lobar streptococcus
Bacteria or viruses may cause
which one is more common and is associated w/ greater symptoms and risk
pneumonia.
bacteria
is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia
S.pnemonaie
are always presented in the upper respiratory tract
pathogenic microorganisms
can occur when resistance is lowered by some other factor
such as chronic disease, alcoholism, debilitation, physical inactivity or extreme in age
what are some prevention of pneumonia
what should you receive
people who are 65 years old and chronic respiratory disease should receive the pneumococcal vaccine
elevated the head of bed at 30 to 45 degree
s/s of pneumonia
Usually a high fever accompanied by chills
A cough that produces rusty or blood-flecked sputum
Sweating and chest pain that is made worse by respiratory movement
A general feeling of malaise and aching muscles
how is pneumonia Dx
is confirmed by chest radiography, which reveals densities in the affected lung.
And atypical pneumonia body temperature can be
Best sounds can sound like
Normal or subnormal
But sounds can be normal with perhaps only occasional crackles in wheezes
What is pneumonia treated with
IV Or oral antibiotic agent like erythromycin Marcolides Cephalosporin Aminoglocoside Fluoroquinolones
Atypical pneumonia is caused by
How are they treated
Mycoplasma species
With erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Viral atypical pneumonia requires know what
Anti-infective therapy but antiviral medication may be administered
What are some complementary sand alternatives of therapy for pneumonia
What type of bacteria is it good against
It should not be used during what
Barberry roots is used against bacteria, fungi, and viruses
It has an anti-microbial action against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
It should not be used during pregnancy because it can cause spontaneous abortion
What are some nursing management for pneumonia
Promote oxygenation Control elevated temperature Maintain nutritional and fluid intake Provide adequate rest. •Monitor vital signs and respiratory status. •Relieve pain and discomfort. •Provide good oral hygiene. •Prevent irritation of the lungs by smoke and other irritants. •Avoid secondary bacterial infections
➢People at high risk for influenza-
related complications and severe disease,
including children ages 6 to 59 months,
pregnant women,
people older than 50 years,
and people of any age with certain chronic medical conditions
•People who live with or care for persons at high risk, including household contacts who have frequent contact with people at high risk and who can transmit influenza to those individuals, and health care workers
Are at risk of influenza
•The first signs of pneumonia
What happens to their mental status
How should the patient be position
What happens to their respiratory rate
What’s a very late sign
decreasing oxygenation may be restlessness or confusion.
- The patient may want to sit upright to allow for better chest excursion.
- The respiratory rate will increase, and later there will be flaring of the nares and then retraction of respiratory muscles if the condition worsens.
- Cyanosis is a very late sign.
The patient should breathe deeply and cough how many times while there a way to prevent atelectasis which can lead up to the pneumonia
How much fluid should They be taking and why
Breathe deeply and cough 5 to 10 minutes each hour
2500 to 3000 mL a day because abdominal distention, nausea and vomiting can happen
Older adults are more at risk for influenza and pneumonia because
___often is the most obvious sign of atypical pneumonia in older adults.
It may take_____ after a bout of pneumonia for the older person to be able to do what
of a less efficient immune system, decreased action of cilia, and decreased elasticity and muscle tone.
Confusion
6 to 12 weeks, resume normal activities without undue fatigue.
Very old patients may never quite regain what after a serious episode of pneumonia?
Teach older adults to seek medical attention quickly if
regain the former level of wellness
symptoms of pneumonia occur.
__occurs when the fluid within the pleural cavity becomes infected and the exudate becomes____
The organisms causing the infection may be what?
Empyema
thick and purulent.
staphylococci or streptococci.
An incomplete expansion, or collapse, of alveoli
May occur from compression what
How can it happens postoperative
Is it reversible
Breath sounds are what w this condition?
Treatment consists of what ?
Atelectasis
compression of the lungs from outside, a decrease in surfactant, or bronchial obstruction
Accumulation of anesthesia, extended period w/out moving, hypo ventilation
Yes
Breath sounds are diminished when the airways are collapsed, and oxygen saturation (Sao2) will decrease.
Treatment consists of expelling secretions by coughing.
If your postoperative Patient has crackles in the base of the lungs have them do what
Take several deep breath‘s and cough
Listen again if the crackles are gone the atelectasis gone
The most common fungal lung infections are
coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. These are on the pwpoint
Aspergillus
Occurs primarily in the western United States
Occurs by inhaling the dust desert recreational activities are in working in occupation that requires digging in the earth
What are s/s
Coccidoidmycosis
Typically there are no symptoms of mild respiratory symptoms but 40% will have a cough, fever, chest pain and joint pain sometimes flat red rash with dark read papules
It’s also transmitted by inhalation of spores that’s commonly found in the environment in mold
What are some signs and symptoms
Aspergillus
Cough
Wheezing
Fever
Dyspnea
And the fungus lives in the moist soil such as mushrooms on the floor of chicken houses and bat caves
What are some signs and symptoms
Histoplasmosis
I fever, fatigue, cough, dyspnea, and weight loss over 1 to 2 months
Are seen mostly in immune compromised people or those who have cystic fibrosis
How are fungal infection treated
Blastomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Candidiasis
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
How are fungal infection diagnose
By history, signs and symptoms, and positive skin test reaction to fungus or
Serology testing
