Part 135

Question 1

How can you tell if you’re looking at a valid GOM?

Answer 1

Review the LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES in the front of the GOM looking at the dates, and assuring the list is approved and signed by the local FSDO

Question 2

A concise definition of operational control

Answer 2

Person able to initiate, conduct and terminate flights

Question 3

What checklist is required to be aboard the aircraft?

Answer 3

135.83

Operating information required.

(a) The operator of an aircraft must provide the following materials, in current and appropriate form, accessible to the pilot at the pilot station, and the pilot shall use them:
(1) A cockpit checklist.
(3) Pertinent aeronautical charts.
(b) Each cockpit checklist required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section must contain the following procedures:
(1) Before starting engines;
(2) Before takeoff;
(3) Cruise;
(4) Before landing;
(5) After landing;
(6) Stopping engines.

Question 4

Is the maintenance log required to be carried aboard the aircraft?

Answer 4

135.65 (a)

Each certificate holder shall provide an aircraft maintenance log to be carried on board each aircraft for recording or deferring mechanical irregularities and their correction.

Question 5

When is a passenger briefing required under part 135?

Answer 5

Before every takeoff, no exceptions. (135.117)

Question 6

What must be included in the passenger safety briefing?

Answer 6

135.117

Briefing of passengers before flight.

1. No smoking
2. How to fasten and unfasten the safety belts
3. Opening door and emergency exits
4. Location of survival equipment
5. Location and operation of fire extinguishers.
6. If a rotorcraft operation involves flight beyond autorotational distance from the shoreline, use of life preservers, ditching procedures and emergency exit from the rotorcraft in the event of a ditching.

(c) The oral briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section shall be given by the pilot in command or a crewmember
(e) The oral briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section must be supplemented by printed cards which must be carried in the aircraft in locations convenient for the use of each passenger.

The use of personal electronic devices during flight related activities is limited to use by passengers in non-transmit mode (airplane mode) during any phase of flight

Question 7

Can passengers drink alcoholic beverages on board the aircraft?

Answer 7

No, unless the certificate holder has served it.

136.135.121

Alcoholic beverages.

(a) No person may drink any alcoholic beverage aboard an aircraft unless the certificate holder operating the aircraft has served that beverage.
(b) No certificate holder may serve any alcoholic beverage to any person aboard its aircraft if that person appears to be intoxicated.
(c) No certificate holder may allow any person to board any of its aircraft if that person appears to be intoxicated.

Question 8

When must passenger seat belts be fastened?

Pilots?

Answer 8

135.128 (a)

Except as provided in this paragraph, each person on board an aircraft operated under this part shall occupy an approved seat or berth with a separate safety belt properly secured about him or her during movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing. A safety belt provided for the occupant of a seat may not be used by more than one person who has reached his or her second birthday.

Question 9

What are the maximum duty times and flight time requirements?

Answer 9

135.267(a)

No certificate holder may assign any flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment, for flight time as a member of a one- or two-pilot crew if that crewmember’s total flight time in all commercial flying will exceed

(1) 500 hours in any calendar quarter.

(2) 800 hours in any two consecutive calendar quarters.

(3) 1,400 hours in any calendar year.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, during any 24 consecutive hours the total flight time of the assigned flight when added to any other commercial flying by that flight crewmember may not exceed

(1) 8 hours for a flight crew consisting of one pilot; or

(1) If this duty period is immediately preceded by and followed by a required rest period of at least 10 consecutive hours of rest;

(2) If flight time is assigned during this period, that total flight time when added to any other commercial flying by the flight crewmember may not exceed

(i) 8 hours for a flight crew consisting of one pilot; or

(3) If the combined duty and rest periods equal 24 hours.
(d) Each assignment under paragraph (b) of this section must provide for at least 10 consecutive hours of rest during the 24-hour period that precedes the planned completion time of the assignment.
(e) When a flight crewmember has exceeded the daily flight time limitations in this section, because of circumstances beyond the control of the certificate holder or flight crewmember (such as adverse weather conditions), that flight crewmember must have a rest period before being assigned or accepting an assignment for flight time of at least
(1) 11 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by not more than 30 minutes;
(2) 12 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by more than 30 minutes, but not more than 60 minutes; and
(3) 16 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by more than 60 minutes.

(f) The certificate holder must provide each flight crewmember at least 13 rest periods of at least 24 consecutive hours each in each calendar quarter.

Question 10

Explain the procedure for writing up maintenance discrepancies.

Answer 10

• On the maintenance log in the appropriate section. Name of pilot
• Date
• Nature of failure, malfunction, or defectiv. Identification of the part and system involved

§ 135.65 Reporting mechanical irregularities.

(a) Each certificate holder shall provide an aircraft maintenance log to be carried on board each aircraft for recording or deferring mechanical irregularities and their correction.
(b) The pilot in command shall enter or have entered in the aircraft maintenance log each mechanical irregularity that comes to the pilot’s attention during flight time. Before each flight, the pilot in command shall, if the pilot does not already know, determine the status of each irregularity entered in the maintenance log at the end of the preceding flight.
(c) Each person who takes corrective action or defers action concerning a reported or observed failure or malfunction of an airframe, powerplant, propeller, rotor, or appliance, shall record the action taken in the aircraft maintenance log under the applicable maintenance requirements of this chapter.
(d) Each certificate holder shall establish a procedure for keeping copies of the aircraft maintenance log required by this section in the aircraft for access by appropriate personnel and shall include that procedure in the manual required by § 135.21.

Question 11

What preflight action are you required to do prior to flight?

Answer 11

91.103

Become familiar with all available information concerning the flight.

FADWAR

Fuel

Alternates

Delays

Weather

Aircraft Performance

Runway Lengths

Question 12

What are the 135 flight time/rest requirements?

Answer 12

135.267

8 hrs during any consecutive 24 hrs

500 - calendar quarter

800 - 2 consecutive calendar quarters

1400 - calendar year

§135.267 Flight time limitations and rest requirements: Unscheduled one- and two-pilot crews.

(a) No certificate holder may assign any flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment, for flight time as a member of a one- or two-pilot crew if that crewmember’s total flight time in all commercial flying will exceed—
(1) 500 hours in any calendar quarter.
(2) 800 hours in any two consecutive calendar quarters.
(3) 1,400 hours in any calendar year.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, during any 24 consecutive hours the total flight time of the assigned flight when added to any other commercial flying by that flight crewmember may not exceed—
(1) 8 hours for a flight crew consisting of one pilot; or
(2) 10 hours for a flight crew consisting of two pilots qualified under this part for the operation being conducted.
(c) A flight crewmember’s flight time may exceed the flight time limits of paragraph (b) of this section if the assigned flight time occurs during a regularly assigned duty period of no more than 14 hours and—
(1) If this duty period is immediately preceded by and followed by a required rest period of at least 10 consecutive hours of rest;
(2) If flight time is assigned during this period, that total flight time when added to any other commercial flying by the flight crewmember may not exceed—
(i) 8 hours for a flight crew consisting of one pilot; or
(ii) 10 hours for a flight crew consisting of two pilots; and
(3) If the combined duty and rest periods equal 24 hours.
(d) Each assignment under paragraph (b) of this section must provide for at least 10 consecutive hours of rest during the 24-hour period that precedes the planned completion time of the assignment.
(e) When a flight crewmember has exceeded the daily flight time limitations in this section, because of circumstances beyond the control of the certificate holder or flight crewmember (such as adverse weather conditions), that flight crewmember must have a rest period before being assigned or accepting an assignment for flight time of at least—
(1) 11 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by not more than 30 minutes;
(2) 12 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by more than 30 minutes, but not more than 60 minutes; and
(3) 16 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by more than 60 minutes.
(f) The certificate holder must provide each flight crewmember at least 13 rest periods of at least 24 consecutive hours each in each calendar quarter.

Question 13

What’s a sterile cockpit?

Answer 13

No conversation other than directly related to flight except in cruise Flight below 10000

Question 14

What defines a critical phase of flight?

Answer 14

135.100
Ground ops, taxi, takeoff, landing, and all flight below 10,000 ft MSL except cruise flight.

Question 15

When is O2 required under 135? under 91?

Answer 15

Part 91.211:
-for flight crew on flights more than 30 minutes at 12,500’ to 14,000’
-for flight crew all the time over 14,000’ MSL
-for all occupants over 15,000’ MSL

135.89:
-for pilots on flights more than 30 minutes at 10,000’ to 12,000’
-for pilots above 12,000’ MSL

135.157 Oxygen equipment requirements.
-for at least 10% of occupants on flights more than 30 minutes at 10,000’ to 15’000’
-for each occupant over 15,000’

Question 16

What is the minimum altitude we can fly?

Answer 16

91.119
Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no person may operate an aircraft below the following altitudes:

(a) Anywhere. An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.

135. 203 Except when necessary for takeoff and landing, no person may operate under VFR— (b) A helicopter over a congested area at an altitude less than 300 feet above the surface.

Question 17

Crew member tests and checks grace period?

Answer 17

135.301
In the calendar month before or after the calendar month in which it is required, that crew member is considered to have completed the test or check in the calendar month in which it is required.

Question 18

Initial and recurrent pilot testing requirements under 135

Answer 18

135.293
Must be done every 12 months

Include written or a oral check over: part 61, 91, 135, and the GOM,

Aircraft - power plant, systems, components, appliances, performance and limitation, normal and emergency procedures, and the contents of the AFM
navigation- use of nav aids, ATC, IFR and instrument approach procedures

Meteorology - theory, frontal systems, icing, fog, thunderstorms, windshear and high altitude weather, procedures to recognize and avoid severe weather: low altitude windshear, operating in or near thunderstorms, turbulent air, icing, hail, and other hazardous conditions, new equipment, procedures or techniques as appropriate

Flight check- those maneuvers necessary to determine the pilots competency in each class of aircraft the pilot serves as pilot. Competent performance of procedure or maneuver by a person to be used as pilot requires that pilot be the obvious master of the aircraft, with the successful outcome of the maneuver never in doubt.

The competency check may include any of the maneuvers and procedures currently required for the original issuance of the particular pilot certificate required for the operations authorized and appropriate to the category, class and type of aircraft involved.

The administrator or authorized check pilot certifies the competency of each pilot who passes the knowledge or flight check in the certificate holders pilot records.

Question 19

May a helicopter be operated, VFR, without visual reference to the surface?

Answer 19

No

135.207

No person may operate a helicopter under VFR unless that person has visual surface reference or, at night, visual surface light reference, sufficient to safely control the helicopter.

Question 20

What is the minimum visibility required to operate

VFR day? Night? (Part 135)

Answer 20

135.205 (b)

No person may operate a helicopter under VFR in Class G airspace at an altitude of 1,200 feet or less above the surface or within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport unless the visibility is at least

(1) During the day– 1/2 mile

(2) At night–1 mile.

Question 21

Duty times and requirements part 135?

Answer 21

135.267 Unscheduled One & Two Pilot Crews

8 hours in any 24 hour period.

≤500 flight hours in any calendar quarter

≤800 hours in any two consecutive calendar quarters

≤1400 hours in any year.

Within the preceding 24 hours starting at the end of the trip each pilot shall have 10 consecutive hours of crew rest.

Each pilot shall have 13 rest periods of 24 consecutive hours each calendar quarter

135. 267 Unscheduled One & Two Pilot Crews
     (a) No certificate holder may assign any flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment, for flight time as a member of a one- or two-pilot crew if that crewmember’s total flight time in all commercial flying will exceed -
     (1) 500 hours in any calendar quarter.
     (2) 800 hours in any two consecutive calendar quarters.
     (3) 1,400 hours in any calendar year.
     (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, during any 24 consecutive hours the total flight time of the assigned flight when added to any other commercial flying by that flight crewmember may not exceed -
     (1) 8 hours for a flight crew consisting of one pilot; or
     (2) 10 hours for a flight crew consisting of two pilots qualified under this part for the operation being conducted.

Question 22

Can an aircraft be fueled with passengers on board?

Answer 22

No

Unbuckle seatbelt if hot fueling.

Question 23

What is the scheduling guideline for crew rest?

Answer 23

135.267 (d)

10 hour rest period from 30 minute after last scheduled flight end to one hour before next scheduled flight.

Question 24

Part 135 VFR-Over-the-top

Answer 24

§135.181 Performance requirements: Aircraft operated over-the-top or in IFR conditions.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, no person may—
(1) Operate a single-engine aircraft carrying passengers over-the-top

(d) Without regard to paragraph (a) of this section, a person may operate an aircraft over-the-top under conditions allowing—
(2) For single-engine aircraft, descent under VFR if its engine fails.

§135.211 VFR: Over-the-top carrying passengers: Operating limitations.
Subject to any additional limitations in §135.181, no person may operate an aircraft under VFR over-the-top carrying passengers, unless—
(a) Weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that the weather at the intended point of termination of over-the-top flight—
(1) Allows descent to beneath the ceiling under VFR and is forecast to remain so until at least 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival at that point; or
(2) Allows an IFR approach and landing with flight clear of the clouds until reaching the prescribed initial approach altitude over the final approach facility, unless the approach is made with the use of radar under §91.175(i) (T/O & Landing under IFR) of this chapter; or

(b) It is operated under conditions allowing—

(1) For multiengine aircraft, descent or continuation of the flight under VFR if its critical engine fails; or
(2) For single-engine aircraft, descent under VFR if its engine fails.

Question 25

Can a passenger manipulate the controls during a flight?

Answer 25

No

135.115

Only PIC or

(a) A pilot employed by the certificate holder and qualified in the aircraft; or
(b) An authorized safety representative of the Administrator who has the permission of the pilot in command, is qualified in the aircraft, and is checking flight operations.