AIM (Aeronautical Information Manual) Flashcards
HYPOXIC HYPOXIA
Hypoxic hypoxia is the most common and is caused by decreased oxygen in air or the inability to diffuse the oxygen across the lungs.
If this happens, the person has less than 100% saturation of the blood in the arteries. This can happen if you are at an altitude where the oxygen content of air is low (i.e., over 12,500 feet). Another problem would be if a person’s lungs were damaged so oxygen transfer was impaired
HYPEMIC HYPOXIA
Hypemic hypoxia is caused by the reduction of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Anemia (low hemoglobin) can cause this. The oxygen is available, but there isn’t enough good blood to carry the oxygen. Carbon monoxide poisoning will cause this type of HYPOXIA! The blood holds on to the carbon monoxide from the exhaust leak in your engine and your capacity to carry oxygen decreases, you become hypoxic!
STAGNANT HYPOXIA
Stagnant hypoxia is caused by reduced cardiac output (the pump isn’t working good enough) or by venous pooling during high G force stresses. We are all getting older and we have to remember that the function of the heart is essential for pumping the oxygenated blood.
HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA
Histotoxic hypoxia occurs when all systems are working but the cells can’t take” the oxygen from the blood. The oxygen is available. Alcohol or cyanide poisoning can cause this.”
ATC LIGHT SIGNAL
STEADY GREEN
Cleared to T/O
Cleared to Land
ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
FLASHING GREEN
Cleared for taxi
Return for landing
In the air
ATC may use a flashing green light gun signal to instruct an aircraft to return for landing. This signal is often used when an aircraft is approaching an airfield but is not yet cleared to land, but should be shortly. The signal may also be used if an aircraft has radio failure and is too fast to land safely. In this case, the signal may indicate that the aircraft can remain in the pattern and try again. After receiving a flashing green signal, pilots should look out for a steady green light, which indicates it is safe to land.
On the ground
ATC may use a flashing green light gun signal to clear an aircraft for taxi.
ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
STEADY RED
On ground - Stop
In air - give way to other aircraft and continue circlling
ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
FLASHING RED
Airpirt unsafe, do not land.
In the air
A flashing red signal means the airport is unsafe and landing should not be attempted. There could be many reasons for this, such as debris or animals on the runway. The pilot in command can choose to go around, try another runway, or divert to another airport.
On the ground
A flashing red signal means aircraft should taxi away from the active runway, and ground vehicles and personnel should move away from the runway or taxiway. This signal is less critical than when an aircraft is in the air and is usually seen after an aircraft has landed.
ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
FLASHING WHITE
Return to starting point on airport.
Air traffic control (ATC) uses a flashing white light gun signal to tell aircraft, vehicles, and people on the ground to return to their starting point on the airfield. This signal is only used on the ground and is not clearance to land or taxi. ATC may use this signal when the airfield is too busy to support no radio (NORDO) operations and they need the aircraft to return and park until traffic slows down.
ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
ALTERNATING RED AND GREEN
Exercise extreme caution
Air traffic control (ATC) uses alternating red and green light gun signals to warn pilots to exercise extreme caution when flying near an airfield. This signal can indicate a serious problem in the airspace or on the airfield, such as:
Converging aircraft
Mechanical issues with the aircraft
Obstructions on the runway or airfield
High air traffic density
Emergency traffic
Bird activity
Non-normal airfield operations, such as work in progress or temporary abnormalities
Student or beginner pilots
PROHIBITED AREA
(Define)
Established for security or other reasons associated with the national welfare.
May not use.
RESTRICTED AREA
(Define)
The flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited is subject to restriction. RA denote the existence of unusual, often invisible, hazards to aircraft such as artillery firing, airial gunnery, or guided missiles.May be used with permission from controlling agency.
WARNING AREA
(Define)
From 3 NM outward from the coast of the U.S. that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft.
May be located over domestic or international waters or both.
MILITARY OPERATIONS AREA (MOA)
(Define)
Established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from IFR traffic. Whenever a MOA is being used, nonparticipating IFR traffic may be cleared through a MOA if IFR separation can be provided by ATC.Operations include; air combat tactics, air intercepts, aerobatics, formation training, and low altitude tactics. Active MOA may contain military aircraft in excess of 250 knots (below 10K feet). May enter, but pilots should contact FSS within 100 NM to determine if MOA is active. Prior to entering MOA pilots should contact controlling agency for traffic advisories.
ALERT AREAS
(Define)
Areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or unusual type of aerial activity.
Pilots should be particularly alert when flying in these areas.
