Part 1 One Health: Human-Health and Well-Being Flashcards

1
Q

A concept that was created in 2004 that aims to design and implement programs, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors work together to achieve better public health outcomes

A

One Health Approach

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2
Q

Four (4) Main Working Organizations of One Health Approach

A
  1. World Health Organization (WHO)
  2. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
  3. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
  4. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
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3
Q

State of complete physical mental and social well being; Not merely the absence of disease

A

Health

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4
Q

Situation in which people are free to choose to do and be what they value

A

Well-being

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5
Q

Holistic integration of physical mental and spiritual well-being; Fuels the body, engages the mind and nurtures the spirit

A

Wellness

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5
Q

8 Dimensions of Wellness

A
  1. Physical
  2. Emotional
  3. Intellectual
  4. Environmental
  5. Financial
  6. Social
  7. Spiritual
  8. Occupational
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6
Q

Dimension of Wellness:

Recognizing the need for physical activity, diet, sleep and nutrition

A

Physical

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6
Q

Dimension of Wellness:

Coping effectively with life and creating satisfying relationships

A

Emotional

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6
Q

Dimension of Wellness:

Recognizing creative abilities and finding ways to expand knowledge and skills

A

Intellectual

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7
Q

Dimension of Wellness:

Good health by occupying pleasant, stimulating environments that support well-being

A

Environmental

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8
Q

Dimension of Wellness:

Satisfaction with current and future financial situations

A

Financial

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9
Q

Dimension of Wellness:

Developing a sense of connection, belonging and a well-developed support system

A

Social

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9
Q

biological agent that can cause disease in another organism

A

Pathogen

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9
Q

online database providing the morphological structure and synaptic connectivity of half of the brain of a fruit fly

A

Hemibrain

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10
Q

Diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from animals to humans; Health risks through deep interconnections of human, animal and environment

A

Zoonoses

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10
Q

Dimension of Wellness:

Expanding our sense of purpose and meaning in life

A

Spiritual

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10
Q

Dimension of Wellness:

Personal satisfaction and enrichment derived from one’s work

A

Occupational

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10
Q

Category of Health Hazard:

From more than 1400 pathogens that can infect humans (Bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa, fungi)

A

Biological Hazards

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10
Q

Rendering of a small sample of human brain tissue sample imaged at 4nm-resolution by serial section electron microscopy. It helps in understanding those with traumatic injuries or neurological disorders and diseases

A

Brain Mapping

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10
Q

Wellness risks which are expressed as probabilities; Probability of suffering from something that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss or damage

A

Health Hazard

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11
Q

Brain Mapping Authors/Project Heads

A

Tim Blakely (software engineer) & Michael Januszewski (research scientist)

11
Q

Five (5) General Categories of Health Hazards

A
  1. Chemical Hazards
  2. Natural Hazards
  3. Cultural Hazards
  4. Lifestyle Choices
  5. Biological Hazards
12
Q

Category of Health Hazard:

Fire, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and storms

A

Natural Hazards

12
Q

Category of Health Hazard:

Harmful chemicals in air, water, soil, food and human-made products

A

Chemical Hazards

12
Q

Zoonoses Percentage (%) of exising human infectious diseases

A

60%

12
Q

Percent (%) of emerging infectious diseases have animal origin

A

75%

12
Q

Category of Health Hazard:

Smoking, poor food choices, drinking too much alcohol and unsafe sex

A

Lifestyle Choices

13
Q

Category of Health Hazard:

Unsafe working conditions, unsafe highways, criminal assault and poverty

A

Cultural Hazards

14
Q

Characteristics:
-Usually localized, stays in one part of the body
-Contagious sometimes
-Treated with antibiotics
-Strep throat, pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTI)

A

Bacterial Infections

14
Q

Biosensors for monitoring contaminants in food, water and environment; Colorimetric, fluorescence, SERS and LSPR sensing

A

Biosensors for Rapid Bacterial Pathogens Detection

14
Q

Single-cell organisms that are everywhere; Most are harmless or beneficial

A

Bacteria

15
Q

Smaller than bacteria; Work by invading a cell and take over genetic machinery to copy themselves; Multiply and spread throughout one’s body

A

Viruses

15
Q

Results from an infection as the bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body

A

Bacterial Diseases

16
Q

Isolates and purifies airborne viruses; Uses distinct variation in levitation and density characteristics among bacteria, phages and viruses; Significant enrichment of viable airborne viruses in air samples

A

Magnetic Levitation System

16
Q

Characteristics:
-Spread throughout the body
-Contagious
-NOT treated with antibiotics
-Common colds, flu, chicken pox

A

Viral Infections

16
Q
A
17
Q

Causes of Antibiotic Resistance

A

-Over-prescribing of antibiotics
-Patients not taking antibiotics as prescribed
-Unnecessary antibiotics used in agriculture
-Poor infection control in hospitals and clinics
-Poor hygiene and sanitation practices
-Lack of rapid laboratory tests

17
Q

Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance

A
  1. High number of bacteria and few of them are resistant to antibiotics
  2. Antibiotics kill bacteria causing illness and good bacteria protecting the body from infection
  3. Resistant bacteria now have preferred conditions to grow and take over
  4. Bacteria can transfer drug resistance to other bacteria, causing more problems
17
Q
A
18
Q

Infectious bacterial or viral disease that can be transmitted from one person to another; Communicable

A

Transmissible disease

18
Q

Caused by an agent/event other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another; non communicable
(Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, asthma, diabetes)

A

Non-transmissible disease

18
Q

Serious health threat especially in less-developed countries; Spread through air, water, food and body fluids

A

Infectious Diseases

19
Q

Top 10 Causes of Death in the Philippines (2011-2013)

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Stroke
  3. Cancer
  4. Pneumonia
  5. Diabetes
  6. Chronic lower respiratory diseases
  7. Tuberculosis
  8. Kidney disease
  9. Assault
  10. Hypertension
20
Q

Top 10 Global Causes of Death (2000-2016)

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Stroke
  3. Lower respiratory infections
  4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  5. Diarrhoeal diseases
  6. Tuberculosis
  7. HIV/AIDS
  8. Preterm birth complications
  9. Trachea, Bronchus, lung cancers
  10. Road injury
21
Q

Virus taxonomy: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. First cases were identified in people with pneumonia in Wuhan, China in December 2019

A

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

22
Q

Type of COVID-19 Test:

-Serum or plasma sample
-Detection of IgM/IgG antibodies via color change of strip in lateral flow assay
-Very low cost
-Can be conducted at point-of-care or at home, ease of use and fast results
-Requires rigorous testing of cross-reactivity with other immune response
-Variation of test specificity & sensitivity among manufacturers

A

Rapid Serology Antibody Test:

22
Q

Three (3) Main Types of COVID-19 Tests

A
  1. Rapid Serology Antibody Test
  2. ELISA
  3. Diagnostic RT-PCR Swab test
23
Q

Type of COVID-19 Tests:

-Serum or plasma sample
-Detection of IgM/IgG antibodies via colorimetric assay
-Robust detection of seroconversion status in a laboratory setting
-Can detect IgM/IgG highly accurately several days after onset or sooner
-Requires rigorous testing of cross-reactivity with other immune response
-Requires laboratory setting

A

ELISA

24
Q

Type of COVID-19 Test:

-Nasopharyngeal (NP) or Oropharyngeal (OP) swab sample
-Detection of viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA via cDNA sequencing
-Gold-standard diagnostic test, directly detects virus presence
=Most accurate results early in disease presentation
=Labor intensive, requires numerous additional reagents and specialized equipment
=Can lose accuracy after 5 days since symptom onset, sensitive to sample collection error

A

Diagnostic RT-PCR Swab test

24
Q

Epidemiological model that predicts the future behavior of a viral pandemic by examining how it has spread in the past

A

UST CoV-2 Model

25
Q

Best Vaccine Criteria

A

-Immediately available
-Prevents severe conditions or -symptoms
-Prevents hospitalization
-Prevents death