Part 1 One Health: Human-Health and Well-Being

Question 1

A concept that was created in 2004 that aims to design and implement programs, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors work together to achieve better public health outcomes

Answer 1

One Health Approach

Question 2

Four (4) Main Working Organizations of One Health Approach

Answer 2

1. World Health Organization (WHO)
2. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
3. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
4. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Question 3

State of complete physical mental and social well being; Not merely the absence of disease

Answer 3

Health

Question 4

Situation in which people are free to choose to do and be what they value

Answer 4

Well-being

Question 5

Holistic integration of physical mental and spiritual well-being; Fuels the body, engages the mind and nurtures the spirit

Answer 5

Wellness

Question 5

8 Dimensions of Wellness

Answer 5

1. Physical
2. Emotional
3. Intellectual
4. Environmental
5. Financial
6. Social
7. Spiritual
8. Occupational

Question 6

Dimension of Wellness:

Recognizing the need for physical activity, diet, sleep and nutrition

Answer 6

Physical

Question 6

Dimension of Wellness:

Coping effectively with life and creating satisfying relationships

Answer 6

Emotional

Question 6

Dimension of Wellness:

Recognizing creative abilities and finding ways to expand knowledge and skills

Answer 6

Intellectual

Question 7

Dimension of Wellness:

Good health by occupying pleasant, stimulating environments that support well-being

Answer 7

Environmental

Question 8

Dimension of Wellness:

Satisfaction with current and future financial situations

Answer 8

Financial

Question 9

Dimension of Wellness:

Developing a sense of connection, belonging and a well-developed support system

Answer 9

Social

Question 9

biological agent that can cause disease in another organism

Answer 9

Pathogen

Question 9

online database providing the morphological structure and synaptic connectivity of half of the brain of a fruit fly

Answer 9

Hemibrain

Question 10

Diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from animals to humans; Health risks through deep interconnections of human, animal and environment

Answer 10

Zoonoses

Question 10

Dimension of Wellness:

Expanding our sense of purpose and meaning in life

Answer 10

Spiritual

Question 10

Dimension of Wellness:

Personal satisfaction and enrichment derived from one’s work

Answer 10

Occupational

Question 10

Category of Health Hazard:

From more than 1400 pathogens that can infect humans (Bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa, fungi)

Answer 10

Biological Hazards

Question 10

Rendering of a small sample of human brain tissue sample imaged at 4nm-resolution by serial section electron microscopy. It helps in understanding those with traumatic injuries or neurological disorders and diseases

Answer 10

Brain Mapping

Question 10

Wellness risks which are expressed as probabilities; Probability of suffering from something that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss or damage

Answer 10

Health Hazard

Question 11

Brain Mapping Authors/Project Heads

Answer 11

Tim Blakely (software engineer) & Michael Januszewski (research scientist)

Question 11

Five (5) General Categories of Health Hazards

Answer 11

1. Chemical Hazards
2. Natural Hazards
3. Cultural Hazards
4. Lifestyle Choices
5. Biological Hazards

Question 12

Category of Health Hazard:

Fire, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and storms

Answer 12

Natural Hazards

Question 12

Category of Health Hazard:

Harmful chemicals in air, water, soil, food and human-made products

Answer 12

Chemical Hazards

Question 12

Zoonoses Percentage (%) of exising human infectious diseases

Answer 12

60%

Question 12

Percent (%) of emerging infectious diseases have animal origin

Answer 12

75%

Question 12

Category of Health Hazard: Smoking, poor food choices, drinking too much alcohol and unsafe sex

Answer 12

Lifestyle Choices

Question 13

Category of Health Hazard: Unsafe working conditions, unsafe highways, criminal assault and poverty

Answer 13

Cultural Hazards

Question 14

Characteristics: -Usually localized, stays in one part of the body -Contagious sometimes -Treated with antibiotics -Strep throat, pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTI)

Answer 14

Bacterial Infections

Question 14

Biosensors for monitoring contaminants in food, water and environment; Colorimetric, fluorescence, SERS and LSPR sensing

Answer 14

Biosensors for Rapid Bacterial Pathogens Detection

Question 14

Single-cell organisms that are everywhere; Most are harmless or beneficial

Answer 14

Bacteria

Question 15

Smaller than bacteria; Work by invading a cell and take over genetic machinery to copy themselves; Multiply and spread throughout one’s body

Answer 15

Viruses

Question 15

Results from an infection as the bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body

Answer 15

Bacterial Diseases

Question 16

Isolates and purifies airborne viruses; Uses distinct variation in levitation and density characteristics among bacteria, phages and viruses; Significant enrichment of viable airborne viruses in air samples

Answer 16

Magnetic Levitation System

Question 16

Characteristics: -Spread throughout the body -Contagious -NOT treated with antibiotics -Common colds, flu, chicken pox

Answer 16

Viral Infections

Question 17

Causes of Antibiotic Resistance

Answer 17

-Over-prescribing of antibiotics -Patients not taking antibiotics as prescribed -Unnecessary antibiotics used in agriculture -Poor infection control in hospitals and clinics -Poor hygiene and sanitation practices -Lack of rapid laboratory tests

Question 17

Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance

Answer 17

1. High number of bacteria and few of them are resistant to antibiotics 2. Antibiotics kill bacteria causing illness and good bacteria protecting the body from infection 3. Resistant bacteria now have preferred conditions to grow and take over 4. Bacteria can transfer drug resistance to other bacteria, causing more problems

Question 18

Infectious bacterial or viral disease that can be transmitted from one person to another; Communicable

Answer 18

Transmissible disease

Question 18

Caused by an agent/event other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another; non communicable (Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, asthma, diabetes)

Answer 18

Non-transmissible disease

Question 18

Serious health threat especially in less-developed countries; Spread through air, water, food and body fluids

Answer 18

Infectious Diseases

Question 19

Top 10 Causes of Death in the Philippines (2011-2013)

Answer 19

1. Heart disease 2. Stroke 3. Cancer 4. Pneumonia 5. Diabetes 6. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 7. Tuberculosis 8. Kidney disease 9. Assault 10. Hypertension

Question 20

Top 10 Global Causes of Death (2000-2016)

Answer 20

1. Heart disease 2. Stroke 3. Lower respiratory infections 4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5. Diarrhoeal diseases 6. Tuberculosis 7. HIV/AIDS 8. Preterm birth complications 9. Trachea, Bronchus, lung cancers 10. Road injury

Question 21

Virus taxonomy: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. First cases were identified in people with pneumonia in Wuhan, China in December 2019

Answer 21

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Question 22

Type of COVID-19 Test: -Serum or plasma sample -Detection of IgM/IgG antibodies via color change of strip in lateral flow assay -Very low cost -Can be conducted at point-of-care or at home, ease of use and fast results -Requires rigorous testing of cross-reactivity with other immune response -Variation of test specificity & sensitivity among manufacturers

Answer 22

Rapid Serology Antibody Test:

Question 22

Three (3) Main Types of COVID-19 Tests

Answer 22

1. Rapid Serology Antibody Test 2. ELISA 3. Diagnostic RT-PCR Swab test

Question 23

Type of COVID-19 Tests: -Serum or plasma sample -Detection of IgM/IgG antibodies via colorimetric assay -Robust detection of seroconversion status in a laboratory setting -Can detect IgM/IgG highly accurately several days after onset or sooner -Requires rigorous testing of cross-reactivity with other immune response -Requires laboratory setting

Answer 23

ELISA

Question 24

Type of COVID-19 Test: -Nasopharyngeal (NP) or Oropharyngeal (OP) swab sample -Detection of viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA via cDNA sequencing -Gold-standard diagnostic test, directly detects virus presence =Most accurate results early in disease presentation =Labor intensive, requires numerous additional reagents and specialized equipment =Can lose accuracy after 5 days since symptom onset, sensitive to sample collection error

Answer 24

Diagnostic RT-PCR Swab test

Question 24

Epidemiological model that predicts the future behavior of a viral pandemic by examining how it has spread in the past

Answer 24

UST CoV-2 Model

Question 25

Best Vaccine Criteria

Answer 25

-Immediately available -Prevents severe conditions or -symptoms -Prevents hospitalization -Prevents death