Part 1 - Introduction & Framework Flashcards
What is the origin of knowledge in empiricism?
sensory organs
What is the origin of knowledge in rationalism?
ratio
How to obtain knowledge in empiricism & what is the resulting knowledge?
observation -> empirical knowledge
How to obtain knowledge in rationalism & what is the resulting knowledge?
thinking, reasoning -> theoretical knowledge
What is the way of reasoning in empiricism?
Induction
What is the way of reasoning in rationalism?
Deduction
What are the methods and instruments in empiricism?
Questionnaires, measurements, experiments
What are the methods and instruments in rationalism?
stating hypotheses and theories, models
Who is the historical representative for empiricism?
Francis Bacon (16th - 17th century)
Who is the historical representative for rationalism?
René Descartes (17th century)
What is deductive thinking?
make a general hypothesis/theory, then apply to specific cases
What is inductive thinking?
observe something in many cases and then make a general hypothesis/theory from it
What is critical rationalism?
If we hypothesize some relationship, we have to test this in an empirical study; if this holds true, our model is supported; if not, it is not
What types of interviews are there?
- standardized
- semi-structured
- free/qualitative ( = exploration)
- computer assisted personal interview
What is the Hempel-Oppenheim Scheme?
Explanans (nomological hypotheses + antecedents conditions) -> Explanandum
If the laws hold, then for a specific combination of antecedents conditions, the explanandum will automatically occur
What are nomological hypotheses?
Nomological hypotheses (or laws) should only explain an isolated subset of events; they have to have passed a number of rigid tests; and they have to part of a “system”
What is internal validity?
Internal validity is the extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect, within the context of a particular study.
(=about the causal relationship)
What is external validity?
“External validity asks the question of generalizability: To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?”
(=generalizability)
What is reliability?
Reliability is the degree of accuracy or error freeness and consistency of measurements (i.e. measurement is very clustered)
What is parallel test reliability?
using two different but comparable ways of measurement to the same sample of respondents in order to test the reliability of the measurement
What is test-retest reliability = repeatability?
the same measurement instrument will be applied twice to the same group of respondents = the closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same measurand carried out under the same conditions of measurement.
What is internal consistency reliability?
split half reliability: a test for a single knowledge area is split into two parts and then both parts given to one group of students at the same time. The scores from both parts of the test are correlated
What is the reliability coefficient?
true variance / total variance
where total variance = true + error variance
Name 5 factors jeopardizing internal validity!
- History: events between measurements
- Maturation: processes within individuals (i.e. growing older)
- Testing order, several tests
- Instrumentation: changes in calibration, observers, findings
- Statistical Regression: when groups are selected on basis of extreme scores
- Biases in differential selection of comparison groups
- Experimental Mortality: differential loss of respondents
- Selection-maturation interaction, etc., might be mistaken for, the effect of the experimental variable
Name 3 factors jeopardizing external validity!
Reactive or interaction effect of testing: pretest might increase or decrease the respondent’s sensitivity or responsiveness to experimental variable —results unrepresentative for unpretested universe
• Interaction effects of selection bias & experimental variable
• Reactive effects of experimental arrangements: variables have different effect in experiment setting
• Multiple-treatment interference: when multiple treatments are applied to same respondents (effects of prior treatments not erasable)
What is validity?
Are you actually measuring what you are trying to measure
What is an experiment?
that portion of research in which variables are manipulated and their effects upon other variables observed. Through this manipulation, we can observe causality.
What is regression to the mean?
If you measure at the extremes, it will be natural that in a second measurement, they will be closer to the mean (i.e. running - fastest/slowest are also lucky on that day)
What is differential selection?
Selection bias (e.g. worst 3 runners do not come back to second measurement)
What is selection-maturation/reactive/interaction effect?
Participants realize what is being measured and tested (e.g. sensitized through pre-test) and therefore a stronger effect will be measured
