PART 1 - Enzyme Kinetics Flashcards
Simple Enzyme Kinetics
What are enzymes?
- Enzymes are globular proteins
- Enzymes have an active site
- The function of the enzyme depends on its amino acid sequence
- Enzymes act as biological catalysts
Functions of a Catalyst
- a substance that speeds up a reaction to enhance the reaction rate
- It isn’t consumed or permanently changed during the reaction
- It lowers or diminishes the activation energy of the associated molecules.
These macromolecules are made up of amino acid residues, and they can be structured in various shapes.
Proteins
This is a term used to describe proteins that are roughly spherical in shape.
“Globular proteins”
This is a classic example of a globular protein.
Hemoglobin (a protein in our blood responsible for oxygen transport)
This is like a _______________ on the enzyme surface formed by specific amino acids.
“pocket” or “cleft”
The ______ indicates the course of the reaction, representing the development of the reaction from starting reactants to ultimate products.
X-axis
The ______ shows free energy, which
represents the potential energy of the molecules participating in the reaction.
y-axis
The activation energy is represented by the _________________.
mountain’s height.
This is the most common naming convention for enzymes
Suffix “-ase”
An enzyme that breaks down urea. The name suggests its action on urea.
Urease
An enzyme involved in the polymerization of nucleotides to form DNA. The name indicates its role in DNA synthesis.
DNA polymerase
Names deriving from the co-factors or particular elements that are utilized throughout the procedure.
By co-factors or specific elements they use
A protease that uses zinc as a co-factor.
Zinc protease
Proteins containing iron-sulfur clusters.
Iron-sulfur proteins
This is a less common naming convention, often seen in older names of some digestive enzymes.
Suffix “-in”
These are digestive enzymes that break down proteins in the digestive tract. Their names end with “-in”.
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Pepsin
Enzymes can also be named based on the chemical reaction they catalyze.
Based on Type of Reaction
Enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions
Oxidase
Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions, where a molecule is broken down into two parts through the addition of a water molecule.
Hydrolase
Enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms.
Dehydrogenase
Many enzyme names provide direct information about the substrate they act upon.
Based on Substrate
Acts on pyruvate and introduces a carboxyl group.
Pyruvate carboxylase
Acts on glucose and is involved in its oxidation.
Glucose oxidase
Acts on succinate and removes hydrogen atoms.
Succinate dehydrogenase
Enumerate the Six Major Classes Of Enzymes
In the year 1961, the Enzyme Commission, IUB (__________________________) proposed ____________________
International Union of Biochemists
six major classes.
They function in the oxidation-reduction reactions
They catalyze the transfer of the functional groups
They bring about the hydrolysis of compounds
They are specialized in the addition or removal of H20, NH3 , CO2 , etc.
They are used in the isomerization reactions.
They catalyze the synthetic reactions where two molecules are joined together.
Enzymes are functional within the cells where they are synthesized
Intracellular
Enzymes are active outside the cells, for example, digestive enzymes like trypsin, pepsin, etc.
Extracellular
These are enzymes employed in diagnostic and analytical methods. Their specificity makes them ideal for detecting and measuring particular compounds.
Analytical Enzyme
Enzymes used in large-scale processes to produce or modify products. They can improve process efficiency, quality, and sustainability
Industrial Enzymes
Enzymes used therapeutically to treat diseases or as diagnostic tools.
Medical Enzymes
Explain the Enzyme substrate complex
One of the most defining features of enzymes is their _____________.
specificity
Enzymes are designed to function in living organisms, which means they operate efficiently (have high activity) at ___________________________________.
ambient temperatures, near-neutral pH, and atmospheric pressure.
The ___________________ of an enzyme represents the number of substrate
molecules an enzyme molecule can convert to product per unit time.
turnover number
Enzymes are proteins and therefore biodegradable ____________________.
biodegradable
Enzymes are ______________________ in organisms. Their use, especially in food and pharmaceutical industries, is often viewed favorably by consumers compared to synthetic chemicals due to perceived health and environmental benefits.
Therefore, they are considered as: _______________________
naturally occurring molecules
natural products
Enumerate the advantages of Enzymatic Catalysis
Enumerate the disadvantages of Enzymatic Catalysis
These metal ions can facilitate the enzyme in several ways, such as stabilizing negative charges, participating in oxidation and reduction reactions, or simply acting as an anchor that holds the substrate in place.
Metal ions
Organic molecules that help enzymes catalyze reactions. They may be tightly or loosely bound to the enzyme. Examples include NAD^+ in oxidation-reduction reactions or Coenzyme A in acyl group transfers.
Coenzymes
Enumerate some inorganic elements that serve as cofactors for enzymes
