Part 1 Definitions Flashcards
Define ‘fricative’
An obstruent consonant produced as a result of close approximation of two articulators
Define ‘approximant’
A consonant produced by bringing one articulator close to another without causing audible friction
Define ‘affricate’
A consonant that begins as a plosive (obstructed air flow) and ends as a fricative (releasing air to create audible friction) often in the same place of articulation
Define ‘plosive/stop’
A consonant formed by obstructing the air flow and then suddenly releasing to create audible friction
Define ‘nasal’
A speech sound made when
the airstream passes through the nose as a result of the lowering of the soft palate
Define ‘fortis’
Strongly articulated, uses muscular force and high breathe force
Define ‘lenis’
Weakly articulated, uses low muscular force and breathe force
Define ‘voiceless’
When the vocal folds are wide apart and air can freely flow through the glottis without creating vibrations
Define ‘voiced’
When the vocal folds are held loosely together, creating vibrations when the built-up air passes through the glottis
Define ‘bilabial’
A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the upper and lower lip
Define ‘labiodental’
A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the teeth and lips
Define ‘alveolar’
A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the alveolar ridge (behind teeth) and the tip/blade of the tongue
Define ‘dental’
A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the teeth and the tip/blade of the tongue
Define ‘post/palato-alveolar’
A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the blade/tip of the tongue and the area between the alveolar ridge and hard palate
Define ‘retroflex’
A sound produced when the tongue is curled back in the direction of the front of the hard palate
Define ‘palatal’
A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the hard palate and the front of the tongue
Define ‘velar’
A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the soft palate/velum and the back of the tongue
Define ‘uvular’
A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the uvula and the back of the tongue
Define ‘pharygneal’
A sound produced as a result of contact between the root of the tongue/epiglottis and the pharynx
Define ‘glottal’
A sound made in the larynx due to closure or narrowing of the glottis
Define ‘sibilant/strident’
A fricative articulated with a grooved tongue that creates a narrow passage, leading to turbulent air flow
Define ‘sonorant’
A speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract and allows spontaneous voicing
Define ‘semi-vowel’
Sounds that phonologically function as consonants but phonetically are articulated without the usual consonant characteristics
Define ‘allophone’
An audibly distinct variant of a phoneme that does not affect its function
Define ‘aspiration’
The audible breath that accompanies a sound’s articulation, noted in superscript
Define ‘cardinal vowels’
A system devised by Daniel Jones, 1956. Standard reference points based on articulatory and auditory elements.
Define ‘consonant’
A sound made by closure of the vocal tract or narrowing to create turbulent airflow and friction
Define ‘vowel’
A sound made without closure or narrowing of the mouth, resulting in audible friction
Define ‘phonemic transcription’
Brackets?
Broad transcription, mental realisation of sounds, not the ones we actually hear
Slant brackets //
Define ‘phonetic transcription’
Brackets?
Narrow transcription, recording variations in pronunciation that occur in normal speech such as aspiration
Square brackets [ ]
Define ‘coronal’
Sounds that are produced by raising the tongue blade towards the teeth or hard palate
Define ‘dorsal’
Sounds produced by raising the back of the tongue towards the hard palate, soft palate/velum or uvula
Define ‘anterior’
Sounds produced with an obstruction located in the palato-alveolar region
Define ‘distributed’
Sounds produced with lengthy constriction in the direction of air flow (lots of contact in mouth)
Define ‘continuant’
Sounds produced when airflow is not completely blocked after the constriction (opposite to stop!)
Define ‘instantaneous release’
Sounds produced with a release that has little or no turbulence (plosives!)
Define ‘tense’
Sounds produced with more muscular effort
Define ‘lax’
Opposite of tense, sounds produced with less effort
