Part 1 Definitions

Question 1

Define ‘fricative’

Answer 1

An obstruent consonant produced as a result of close approximation of two articulators

Question 2

Define ‘approximant’

Answer 2

A consonant produced by bringing one articulator close to another without causing audible friction

Question 3

Define ‘affricate’

Answer 3

A consonant that begins as a plosive (obstructed air flow) and ends as a fricative (releasing air to create audible friction) often in the same place of articulation

Question 4

Define ‘plosive/stop’

Answer 4

A consonant formed by obstructing the air flow and then suddenly releasing to create audible friction

Question 5

Define ‘nasal’

Answer 5

A speech sound made when

the airstream passes through the nose as a result of the lowering of the soft palate

Question 6

Define ‘fortis’

Answer 6

Strongly articulated, uses muscular force and high breathe force

Question 7

Define ‘lenis’

Answer 7

Weakly articulated, uses low muscular force and breathe force

Question 8

Define ‘voiceless’

Answer 8

When the vocal folds are wide apart and air can freely flow through the glottis without creating vibrations

Question 9

Define ‘voiced’

Answer 9

When the vocal folds are held loosely together, creating vibrations when the built-up air passes through the glottis

Question 10

Define ‘bilabial’

Answer 10

A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the upper and lower lip

Question 11

Define ‘labiodental’

Answer 11

A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the teeth and lips

Question 12

Define ‘alveolar’

Answer 12

A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the alveolar ridge (behind teeth) and the tip/blade of the tongue

Question 13

Define ‘dental’

Answer 13

A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the teeth and the tip/blade of the tongue

Question 14

Define ‘post/palato-alveolar’

Answer 14

A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the blade/tip of the tongue and the area between the alveolar ridge and hard palate

Question 15

Define ‘retroflex’

Answer 15

A sound produced when the tongue is curled back in the direction of the front of the hard palate

Question 16

Define ‘palatal’

Answer 16

A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the hard palate and the front of the tongue

Question 17

Define ‘velar’

Answer 17

A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the soft palate/velum and the back of the tongue

Question 18

Define ‘uvular’

Answer 18

A sound produced as a result of contact or close proximity of the uvula and the back of the tongue

Question 19

Define ‘pharygneal’

Answer 19

A sound produced as a result of contact between the root of the tongue/epiglottis and the pharynx

Question 20

Define ‘glottal’

Answer 20

A sound made in the larynx due to closure or narrowing of the glottis

Question 21

Define ‘sibilant/strident’

Answer 21

A fricative articulated with a grooved tongue that creates a narrow passage, leading to turbulent air flow

Question 22

Define ‘sonorant’

Answer 22

A speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract and allows spontaneous voicing

Question 23

Define ‘semi-vowel’

Answer 23

Sounds that phonologically function as consonants but phonetically are articulated without the usual consonant characteristics

Question 24

Define ‘allophone’

Answer 24

An audibly distinct variant of a phoneme that does not affect its function

Question 25

Define ‘aspiration’

Answer 25

The audible breath that accompanies a sound’s articulation, noted in superscript

Question 26

Define ‘cardinal vowels’

Answer 26

A system devised by Daniel Jones, 1956. Standard reference points based on articulatory and auditory elements.

Question 27

Define ‘consonant’

Answer 27

A sound made by closure of the vocal tract or narrowing to create turbulent airflow and friction

Question 28

Define ‘vowel’

Answer 28

A sound made without closure or narrowing of the mouth, resulting in audible friction

Question 29

Define ‘phonemic transcription’

Brackets?

Answer 29

Broad transcription, mental realisation of sounds, not the ones we actually hear

Slant brackets //

Question 30

Define ‘phonetic transcription’

Brackets?

Answer 30

Narrow transcription, recording variations in pronunciation that occur in normal speech such as aspiration

Square brackets [ ]

Question 31

Define ‘coronal’

Answer 31

Sounds that are produced by raising the tongue blade towards the teeth or hard palate

Question 32

Define ‘dorsal’

Answer 32

Sounds produced by raising the back of the tongue towards the hard palate, soft palate/velum or uvula

Question 33

Define ‘anterior’

Answer 33

Sounds produced with an obstruction located in the palato-alveolar region

Question 34

Define ‘distributed’

Answer 34

Sounds produced with lengthy constriction in the direction of air flow (lots of contact in mouth)

Question 35

Define ‘continuant’

Answer 35

Sounds produced when airflow is not completely blocked after the constriction (opposite to stop!)

Question 36

Define ‘instantaneous release’

Answer 36

Sounds produced with a release that has little or no turbulence (plosives!)

Question 37

Define ‘tense’

Answer 37

Sounds produced with more muscular effort

Question 38

Define ‘lax’

Answer 38

Opposite of tense, sounds produced with less effort