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ecology and sustainable development > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What directs protein production?

A

The DNA and RNA

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2
Q

Where is the hereditary information stored?

A

In the DNA

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

The genome is the whole set of genes (regions of the DNA performing a particular function)

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4
Q

What is the subdivision of a gene?

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

What is the smallest unit of life

A

Cells are the smallest unit of life that can function independently

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6
Q

When and what first forms of life evolved?

A

Prokaryotes, 3.5 Billion years ago

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7
Q

Which cells have animals, plants and fungi in common?

A

Eukariotic cells

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8
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Cells of the same function form a tissue

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9
Q

What is an organ?

A

Cells of the same function which formed a tissue which together form an organ

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10
Q

What is a potential energy?

A

The potential energy of chemical substances is the energy they held in the bonds between the atoms. Breaking down larger molecules through a chemical reaction releases this potential energy as heat or kinetic energy

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11
Q

What is an ecozone?

A

Ecozone is the larges scale biogeographic division of the earth’s surface.

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12
Q

On what features an ecozone is based?

A

It is based on the historic and evolutionary distribution patterns of plants and animals.

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13
Q

Name some ecozones

A

Nearctic, Palearctic, Afrotropic, Neotropic, Indomalaya, Australasia

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14
Q

What is a biome?

A

A biome is a climatically and geographically defined area of similar communities of plants, animals and soil organisms. There are terrestrial and aquatic biomes

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15
Q

Name some biomes

A

Desert, Tundra, Boreal forests, Tropical rain forest, Tropical dry forest, Savanna

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16
Q

When did the biosphere evolve?

A

Some 3.5 billions years ago

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17
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The lithosphere is the solid outermost shell of a rocky planet. It is fragmented into tectonic plates.

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18
Q

At what temperature does water have maximum density?

A

4 degree celsius

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19
Q

why doesn’t ice sink to the bottom of a water body in winter?

A

Cold water sinks to the bottom of water bodies and supplies with nutrients and oxygen. Ice floats on water protecting lower layers from freezing

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20
Q

How is acidity expressed?

A

It is expressed as pH = -log [H+]

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21
Q

Explain the pH scale

A

It comprises 14 orders of magnitude. ph 7 is neutral.

22
Q

What does the earth’s hydrosphere consist of?

A

consist of water in all forms, oceans, inland seas, lakes and rivers, rain, underground water, ice, atmospheric water vapor in form of clouds

23
Q

Share of water on Earth?

A

70.8 percent of the earth is coverd by water. Of this 97 percent is sea water and 3 percent fresh water

24
Q

When was the most recent withdrawal of the ice sheets?

A

It was 10.000 - 12.000 years ago which lead to an interglacial period known as the Holocene

25
Q

What is the water cycle

A

The water cycle describes the methods of transport for water in the HYDROSPHERE.

26
Q

What is ecology

A

ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and the environment.

27
Q

What is the photic zone

A

The top 10m surface zone of oceans which absorbs 80% of solar energy.

28
Q

Phythoplankton

A

First step in the marine food chain. Is produced in the photic zone

29
Q

Which species was the first which produced oxygen

A

The Cyanobacteria, 3.3 billion years ago. Made this by Photosynthesis based on the consumption of carbon dioxide

30
Q

What is the major driving force for atmospheric circulation

A

Solar radiation. Is stronger at the equator than in the polar region

31
Q

What is the Hadley Cell

A

The Hadley cell is a tropical atmospheric circulation which features rising motion near the equator, poleward flow 10–15 kilometers above the surface, descending motion in the subtropics, and equatorward flow near the surface.

32
Q

Name the four most important biogeochemical cycles

A

The carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, Phosphorus cycle and Oxygen cycle

33
Q

What is the carbon cycle

A

It is a biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

34
Q

Name four major carbon reservoirs

A
  • The atmosphere
  • Terrestrial biosphere ( includes freshwater systems and non living organic material such as soil carbon)
  • Oceans (includes dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non living biota)
  • Sediments (Includes fossil fuels)
35
Q

How much carbon is in the ocean

A

38.000 Gt

36
Q

How much carbon is in the atmosphere

A

It exists mostly as CO2, small part of Atmosphere with around 0.04%

37
Q

Where is carbon in the biosphere

A

living specie, inorganic carbonates such as shells

38
Q

Where is carbon in the lithosphere

A

As inorganic carbonate rocks or dead organic matter like coal, oil and natural gas.

39
Q

Where is carbon in the hydrosphere

A

Mostly dissolved Carbon Dioxide, suspended carbonates or dead organic matter.

40
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Self feeding organism such as Algea, plants which produce complex organic compounds from simple substances. They uses techniques like photosynthesis.

41
Q

Which two organisms are the two most important ones for the carbon cycle?

A

Trees in forests and phytoplankton

42
Q

How does Photosynthesis work?

A

Sun is shining, plants perform photosynthesis to convert CO2 into carbohydrates, releasing oxygen in the process. Chlorophyll is vital for that process because the molecules absorb light and transfer that light energy to the cell.

43
Q

What is the chemical formula for Photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + hv –> C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6 O2

44
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature.

45
Q

How much Nitrogen is in earths atmospehere

A

78 percent

46
Q

Where is Nitrogen contained?

A

It is in all amino acids, is incorporated in proteins and is present in the basis that make up nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA.

47
Q

What is nitrogen fixation

A

Conversion of gaseous nitrogen into forms usable by living organisms. It is done by bacteria

48
Q

What is assimilation (in the case of Nitrogen)

A

Most plants can absorb nitrate or ammonium ions from the soil via their root hairs

49
Q

What is a fertilizer?

A

Compounds given to plants to promote growth. They are either organic or inorganic. They provide nutrients to plants. The major ones are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

50
Q

What and how the Haber-Bosch Process works?

A

Developed 1910, produces Ammonia NH3. It produces via high temperature and pressure reactions between hydrogen and atmospheric nitrogen. NH3 is used to produce nitrogen fertilizers and the Haber-Bosch Procedure produces 100 million tons of nitrogen fertilizers each year.

ecology and sustainable development (3 decks)

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