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ecology and sustainable development > Important figures > Flashcards

Important figures Flashcards

1
Q

Amount of nitrogen in earths atmosphere

A

78 percent

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2
Q

How much did fossil fuel combustion contributed to an increase of NOx

A

6 to 7 fold increase

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3
Q

How much oxygen is in air?

A

20.9 percent

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4
Q

How much do green algea and cyanobacteria produce of total amount of oxgygen

A

70 percent

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5
Q

Chemical formula for aerobic respiration

A

basically a reverse photosynthesis C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 2880 kJ mol-1

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6
Q

Formula for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6 H20 + hv –> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2

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7
Q

How much of the contained energy is passed on to its predator?

A

10 percent

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8
Q

How much of the primary production is done by forests?

A

half of the primary production

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9
Q

How many species are contained in the IUCN Red list

A

16.000 threatened species

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10
Q

How many species exist?

A
  1. 000 plants

1. 2 million animals (including 1 million insects)

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11
Q

When is rain considered to be acid?

A

pH smaller than 5

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12
Q

How many chemical compounds are produced regularly?

A

100,000

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13
Q

What is the maximum residue limit of pesticides in water?

A

For ground and drinking water it is typically 0,1 microgram per liter.

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14
Q

Which factor of bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the food chain can be reached?

A

10,000,000

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15
Q

Since 1970, how many pieces of EU legislation have been passed in the environmental sector?

A

250 pieces, including 7 environmental action programmes

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16
Q

What are, according to the Lisbon Agenda 2005, the three pillars of sustainable development?

A

Economic growth, social equilibrium and environmental quality

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17
Q

How much of the total GHG is produced by transport?

A

30 percent of the energy consumption and GHG emissions

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18
Q

How many European surface water bodies are seriously threatened by pollution through nitrates and pesticides

A

20 percent

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19
Q

How much did the usage of nitrogen fertilizers increase in the EU during the last 50 years?

A

10-fold

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20
Q

Soil usage by sector in the EU

A

36% forests, 47% agriculture and 17% other use

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21
Q

How much of the Earth’s land area is covered by forests

A

1/3

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22
Q

What is the carbon uptake of forests in the EU?

A

10%

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23
Q

How much of rainforests have been destroyed?

A

1/5 of the worlds tropical rainforests between 1960 and 1990.

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24
Q

How much of the total land surface do rain forests account for?

A

5 percent, but they host 50% of vegetal and animal species

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25
Q

How much of the forests and woodlands have been lost in Africa between 1975 and 2000?

A

Around 16%

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26
Q

When did the Neolithic revolution occurr? (Introduction of agriculture)

A

10,000 years ago

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27
Q

How much spare land needed a person to survive in the hunter and gathering era?

A

1000ha

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28
Q

How much land needed a person with the introduction of agriculture in order to survive?

A

100ha

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29
Q

How much did person needed to survive with the introduction with industrialized agriculture?

A

10ha

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30
Q

How much land is needed per person today?

A

Less than 1ha

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31
Q

By how much did the world population increase in the last 50 years

A

it doubled (100% increase)

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32
Q

Area needed for 1kg of vegetables

A

1sqm

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33
Q

Areas needed for 1 kg of beef

A

250sqm

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34
Q

How many percent of global food production is meat and which ratio of land is used for it?

A

5% of global food production is meat but 2/3 of the land is used for that.

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35
Q

how many resources are needed for the production of 1kg of beef (water and feed)

A

15.000 litre of water and 40kg of feed

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36
Q

How many tons of cereals and vegetables are produced globally per year?

A

3.000 million tons

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37
Q

how much meat and fish is produced annually?

A

400 million tons

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38
Q

How much land is globally useable for agriculture?

A

12% of land surface but only 2,5% are of high value

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39
Q

How much of the global freshwater is used for agriculture?

A

around 70%

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40
Q

How many people will be affected by severe water shortages by 2030?

A

2 billion people

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41
Q

How large the fishing zone for coastal states with exclusive fishing rights?

A

200 miles

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42
Q

How many tons are produced by aquacultures and by fish catching?

A

60,000,000 tons by aquaculture and 90,000,000 by “conventional” fishing

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43
Q

How much of the global fish production is predicted to be produced by aquacultures in 30 years?

A

80%

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44
Q

By what factor global food production has to increase when there are 10 billion people? How much agricultural land per capita will that be?

A

We need to double the production but available land per capita is now 0,25ha and will decrease to 0,15ha

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45
Q

what are the recycling goals of the EU?

A

50 to 85%

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46
Q

by what factor the global energy production will increase by 2050?

A

By 100%

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47
Q

What is energy use (tons of oil equivalent per capita) of the USA

A

6,8 toe

48
Q

What is energy use (tons of oil equivalent per capita) of the EU27

A

3,3toe

49
Q

What is energy use (tons of oil equivalent per capita) of China

A

2,2 toe

50
Q

What is energy use (tons of oil equivalent per capita) of India

A

0,7toe

51
Q

Global share of oil production

A

32%

52
Q

Global share of coal production

A

27%

53
Q

Global share of gas production

A

21%

54
Q

Global share of biomass and waste production

A

10%

55
Q

Global share of nuclear energy production

A

6%

56
Q

Global share of hydropower production

A

2,5%

57
Q

Global share of geothermal, wind and solar production

A

1,5%

58
Q

how much of the global energy production is based on fossil fuels?

A

80%

59
Q

How much of global energy production is coming from renewables?

A

16%

60
Q

How much of globally known conventional of crude oil have been consumed?

A

around 50%

61
Q

How much of globally known conventional of natural gas have been consumed?

A

around 30%

62
Q

The concentration of GHG (CO2 N2O (Nitrous oxide) and CH4) has increased from what to what?

A

It increased from 280ppm to 430 ppm CO2eq (weighted sum of all GHGs)

63
Q

How much did the temperature increase?

A

0,9 degree celsius

64
Q

What were the total GHG emissions (2011)? What is the equivalent in CO2?

A

34GT/year CO2, 50GT/year CO2eq

65
Q

how much did the average person in the USA, EU, China and India emit (CO2) in 2011

A

USA: 17,2t
EU: 7,5t
China: 7,2t
India: 1,6t

66
Q

By what percentage does the emission rate increase every year?

A

3 to 5%.

67
Q

Under the baseline scenario RCP 8,5 IPCC annual emission are predicted to be … GT in 2100?

A

90GT

68
Q

RCP 8.5 (BAU) temperature increase in 2100 by … degrees?

A

3.7 degree celsius (2,6-4,8 range)

69
Q

RCP 2.6 (Optimal scenario) in 2100 by … degrees?

A

1.0 degrees (0,3 - 1,7 range)

70
Q

European Climate change programmes I and II:What is the aim? (Degree celsius and ppm)

A

2 degree celsius, corresponding to 450ppm CO2

71
Q

Since when is the kyoto protocol in force

A

2005

72
Q

In order to stabilise the climate at 450 ppm CO2equ by 2050, how much do INDUSTRIALIZED countries have to reduce their emissions? (2020, 2050) Global reduction?

A

Relative to 1990 - 30% by 2020 and -85% by 2050.

Global emission of 50% (rel. to 1990) by 2050 is required

73
Q

What is the current growth rate of the world population

A

1.1% (about 75 million per year)

74
Q

What was the global population in 1750?

A

0,7 billion

75
Q

What was the global population in 2012?

A

7 billion

76
Q

What will be the global population in 2050

A

10 billion

77
Q

What was the global population in 1960?

A

3 billion

78
Q

Evolution of population till 2050: Africa, Latin America, Asia, North America, Europe

A 
Africa +100%
Latin America + 50%
Asia +30%
North America + 30%
Europe minus 5-10%
79
Q

What is current urban population percentage in industrialised and non industrialised countries?

A

80% in industrialised and 50% in developing countries

80
Q

What is the GDP of the EU

A

12.000 billion Euro (20% of the global GDP)

81
Q

How much of the global production and financial services is covered by the WTO?

A

95% (WTO treaty of 1995 created a virtually borderless world for goods and financial services

82
Q

Global income distribution: Upper 20% own how much?

A

83%

83
Q

Global income distribution: Bottom 20% own how much of global wealth?

A

2%

84
Q

How many people live on less than 1$ a day?

A

1 billion

85
Q

How many people don’t have proper sanitation services

A

2,6 billion

86
Q

How many people don’t have safe access to drinking water

A

1,1 billion (Will increase to 2 billion by 2030)

87
Q

How many people are undernourished

A

400 million

88
Q

How many people don’t have energy services (e.g. access to electricity)?

A

2,5 billion people

89
Q

How much of the total energy consumption of the EU is imported?

A

85% of the oil and 62% of the Gas

90
Q

How big is the EU’s bill for energy imports?

A

350 billion euro per year

91
Q

What is the share of electricity consumption in energy production?

A

30%

92
Q

How much would the global energy shift cost?

A

500 billion per year, 1% of the global GDP (NB - as much as are global subsidies for fossil fuel production)

93
Q

Fertilizers typically provide the plant nutrients, which ones?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium

94
Q

Eutrophic lakes usually are

A

oversupplied with Nitrogen, reduced amount of O2, subject of frequent algae blooms every year

95
Q

What may contaminate soil?

A

rupture of underground storage tanks, application of pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil

96
Q

Genetic modification of seed material allows to produce plants with new properties:

A
  • Enhanced resistance against insects
  • Enhanced resistance against efficient broad band pesticides
  • Improved nutrient content.
  • Higher drought resistance.
  • Higher salt resistance.
97
Q

Per capita CO2 emissions in the EU were 5, 8, 10 or 17 tons in 2011

A

8

98
Q

According to the IPCC and the RCP2.6 Scenario an increase of the temperature by 0, 1, 2 or 4 degree celsius is the optimal scenario?

A

1 degree by 2100

99
Q

What is the average salt content in the ocean?

A

3.5%

100
Q

To stabilise the climate at 450ppm global emission have to be reduced (relative to 1990) by 25, 40, 50, or 75% by 2050

A

50%

101
Q

Modernisation of agriculture has allowed to grow the world population by 20, 50, 100 or 200 percent in the last 50 years

A

100 % (i.e. it doubled)

102
Q

Electricity consumption is expected to increase till 2050 by 25, 50, 100 or 200%

A

100% (to double)

103
Q

When did first prokaryotes develop on Earth?

A

3.5 billion years ago

104
Q

When did the biosphere is said to evolve?

A

at least 3.5 billion years ago

105
Q

What what temperature does water have its max. density?

A

at 4ºC

106
Q

pH formula

A

ph = - log [H+]

107
Q

How much of the Earth’s surface is covered by water? Landmass?

A

Water 70.8%, land only 29.2%

108
Q

What is the share of sea water on Earth?

A

97% seawater, 3% fresh water

109
Q

When did the most recent withdrawal of ice sheets happen?

A

10,000 years ago (marking the beginning of the Holocene)

110
Q

How many of the world’s workers are employed in agriculture today? How much of the gross world product does agricultural production account for?

A

36% workers with agriculture accounting for only

111
Q

How much of fresh water is consumed for agriculture globally?

A

70%

112
Q

How much waste per does each person in a developed country produce each year?

A

about 500 kg!

113
Q

How much will global energy consumption change till 2050?

A

will more than double

114
Q

What is the main commitment of the Kyoto Protocol?

A

to limit global warming to 2ºC corresponding to a maximum of 450ppm CO2equ

115
Q

What is the share of the euro in the global currency volume?

A

25% (the euro has become a major currency)

116
Q

GDP growth of China (and other SE-Asian states?)? GDP growth of the EU?

A

China & Co. 5-10%, EU 1-3%

117
Q

What is life expectancy in Africa and Europe?

A

50 years in Africa, 75 years in Europe

ecology and sustainable development (3 decks)

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