Part 1

Question 1

What protects stomach from digesting itself due to acid and peptin?

Answer 1

Mucosal barrier, secretion of pepsinogen, action of prostaglandins

Question 2

Lactose and gluten intolerance?

Answer 2

Lactose= insufficient levels of enzyme lactase
Glucose= insulin resistance

Question 3

Risk factors fatty liver disease?

Answer 3

Obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, hypertension

Question 4

NASH

Answer 4

non alcoholic fatty liver disease- steatohepatitis

Question 5

NASH

Answer 5

non alcoholic fatty liver disease- steatohepatitis

Question 6

Macrophages role NAFLD/ NASH

Answer 6

Inflammation, fibrosis and metabolic regulation

Question 7

Major liver functions (4)

Answer 7

Metabolism (stores glycogen/ carbs), synthesis of cholesterol- lipids, ammonia urea and plasma proteins.
Detox
Bile production and excretion (bilirubin)
Regulates blood composition and clotting

Question 8

Blood test liver damage

Answer 8

Acute= > ALT & AST
Chronic= < albumin and > bilirubin
Cholestasis= > ALP

Question 9

Portal shunting in fibrotic liver and cirrhosis?

Answer 9

Portal shunting= advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis where scarring restricts restricts blood flow through liver. Shunts help < vein pressure but can cause hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding and ascites

Question 10

Cirrhosis develop? (7)

Answer 10

End stage chronic liver disease= extensive fibrosis
alcoholic liver disease, NAFLD, NASH, chronic viral hepatitis, auto immune, genetics, drugs

Question 11

Why liver failure can cause- bleeding gums, oesophageal varices, malena, hypo/hyperglycaemia?

Answer 11

• Liver= clotting factors
• fibrosis and portal hypertension = oesophageal varices
• liver maintains BGL