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BIOL 1080 > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is systems biology?

A

understanding the ENTIRETY of a process in a biological paradigm. focusing on DISEASE, HEALTH, and AGING.

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2
Q

What are EMERGENT PROPERTIES?

A

properties of an entire system (or organism) that are not necessarily evident from individual components.

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3
Q

What is the difference between reductionist and systems approaches?

A

reduction = ISOLATED models (in vivo)
systems = integrated, whole body approach

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4
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

A
  1. RESPONSIVENESS to environment
  2. GROWTH and change
  3. ability to REPRODUCE
  4. have a METABOLISM and breath
  5. maintain HOMEOSTASIS
  6. made of CELLS
  7. pass TRAITS TO offsprings
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5
Q

What are the components of the CCN (control and communications network)?

A

CENTRAL nervous system
PERIPHERAL nervous system
ENDOCHRINE system
support and DEFENCE system

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6
Q

what are properties of the CCN?

A

CONTROL and COORDINATION of physiological systems and organs.
always ON, DISTRIBUTED throughout body.
INFORMATION FLOW via CHEMICAL based, CELL-CELL communication.

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7
Q

what is P4 medicine?

A

personalized
predictive
preventative
participatory

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8
Q

what are the types of medical research?

A

mathematical/computer (in silico)
in vitro (in glass) and ex vivo (out of the living) –> isolated
animal models
human participants

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9
Q

what is the purpose of in vitro/ex vivo experiments

A

more CONTROLLED experiments
understanding FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS

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10
Q

describe the NEMATODE model

A

CLEAR WORMS
40% genetic homology
cheap and easy to study
short lifespan
self fertilize
remains the same when frozen and thawed
transparent = good for cell differentiation

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11
Q

describe the FRUIT FLY model

A

65% genetic homology
lifestyle and development SENSITIVE to environmental change
used to study effects of drugs and alcohol

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12
Q

describe the RAT model

A

social and intelligent
lifestyle effects on METABOLISM
not a good model for infants
take a more SEVERE approach
EX. ZUCKER rats lack LEPTIN RECEPTORS and are used to study OBESITY

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13
Q

describe the MOUSE model

A

RECOMBINANT dna technology
TEST importance of a SINGLE PROTEIN
compensatory mechanisms
ob/ob mouse does not secrete LEPTIN

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14
Q

describe the SWINE model

A

human INFANT development and metabolism
ORGAN TRANSPLANTS
cloned pigs = same genetics

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15
Q

describe the PRIMATE model

A

closest to humans
human PATHOLOGY
TOXICOLOGY and drug abuse
TRANSPLANTS

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16
Q

describe NON CLINICAL studies

A

NO MEDICINAL/lifestyle treatment given
cannot determine cause and effect
ONLY ASSOCIATIONS and CORRELATIONS
epidemiological studies

17
Q

describe CLINICAL studies

A

INTERVENTION
medical/lifestyle TREATMENT and CONTROL/placebo given
predicts CAUSE AND EFFECT
double blind, placebo controlled trials are gold standard

18
Q

what are the phases of HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS?

A

aways VOLUNTARY
1. Preclinical trials (lab and animal studies)
2. Phase I (10s of people, what is a safe dose, what are side effects?)
3. Phase II (100s of people, how well does it work, what is the safest and most effective dose?)
4. Phase III (does it prevent the disease, what are the side effects?)
5. After approval (experts conduct independent review, distribution)

19
Q

what are COCHRANE reviews?

A

a DATABASE of SYSTEMIC REVIEWS and META ANALYSES that summarize and interpret medical research

20
Q

what are the outcomes of evidence based medicine?

A

evidence, clinical expertise, patient preferences

21
Q

what is EVOLUTIONARY/DARWINIAN medicine?

A

the application of the MODERN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY to understanding HEALTH and DISEASE

ex. modern diet and constant stress

22
Q

what is INTEGRATIVE medicine?

A

treats the WHOLE PERSON, not just the disease.

emphasizes THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP between practitioner and patient, EVIDENCE based, uses all appropriate therapies

23
Q

what is COLLECTIVE MEDICINE?

A

ONE HEALTH; relationship between ENVIRONMENT, ANIMALS, and HUMANS.

24
Q

what is ENHANCEMENT MEDICINE?

A

NOT NEEDED. ex viagra, botox, and brain enhancers

25
Q

what are the BIOLOGICAL TIMEFRAMES?

A

TRAJECTORY - growth and development - years, decades
RHYTHMS - maintenance and repairs - days, weeks, months
HOMEOSTASIS - balance and maintenance of a steady state - seconds, minutes, hours
ENERGY FLOW - action potentials, enzyme reactions - milliseconds, microseconds

26
Q

what is the difference between LIFESPAN and HEALTHSPAN?

A

lifespan = how long to i have TO LIVE
healthspan = how long to i have to live a HEALTHY and INDEPENDENT LIFESTYLE

27
Q

what RISK factors affect LIFESPAN?

A

weight, exercise, sleep, stress, education level, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, smoking, age of parents

28
Q

how do we track AGING and DISEASES processes?

A

BIOMARKERS

29
Q

what is SARCOPENIA?

A

age-related loss of muscle mass. associated with sex hormones.

30
Q

what are BIOMARKER requirements?

A

reflect NORMAL function and DISEASE processes
have PREDICTABLE RANGES
can be PRECISELY measured
have NORMAL RANGES and DIAGNOSTIC VALUES if too high/low
can CHANGE during lifespan

31
Q

describe the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

A

24 hour cycle
involved in all physiological processes
master clock
controls GENE EXPRESSION
SLEEP, NUTRIENT CYCLE and METABOLISM needed at different times during the day
disruption = health problems

32
Q

how do CIRCADIAN RHTHMS work?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus keeps time based on LIGHT SIGNALS from retina
body cells have PERIPHERAL CLOCKS that coordinate metabolism with the rest of the body

33
Q

what controls the MOLECULAR CLOCK?

A

light/dark cycles
chemical signals (melatonin)

34
Q

what are the limitations of hight as a biomarker in osteoporosis?

A

varies during the day
must be measured over time in an individual
doesn’t change much in disease progression (LOW SENSITIVITY)
doesn’t precede/predict disease

35
Q

what is DEXA?

A

TEST to determine bone MINERAL DENSITY; estimates levels of bone hydroxyapatite (insoluble calcium and phosphate deposit within extracellular matrix)

36
Q

what are the T-SCORES?

A

-1 –> +1 = normal
-2.5 –> -1 = low bone density
-4 –> -2.5 = osteoporosis

37
Q

what is the role of CALCIUM and PLASMA in maintaining HOMEOSTASIS?

A

bones STORE calcium
plasma calcium levels must be in a very NARROW range –> cell signalling, action potentials,
parathyroid hormone (PTH) prevent a decrease in plasma calcium
calcitonin prevents an increase in plasma calcium

38
Q

what factors inhibit maximum bone density?

A

smoking, alcohol, caffeine
drugs
high phosphate

BIOL 1080 (3 decks)

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