Part 1 Flashcards
What is systems biology?
understanding the ENTIRETY of a process in a biological paradigm. focusing on DISEASE, HEALTH, and AGING.
What are EMERGENT PROPERTIES?
properties of an entire system (or organism) that are not necessarily evident from individual components.
What is the difference between reductionist and systems approaches?
reduction = ISOLATED models (in vivo)
systems = integrated, whole body approach
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
- RESPONSIVENESS to environment
- GROWTH and change
- ability to REPRODUCE
- have a METABOLISM and breath
- maintain HOMEOSTASIS
- made of CELLS
- pass TRAITS TO offsprings
What are the components of the CCN (control and communications network)?
CENTRAL nervous system
PERIPHERAL nervous system
ENDOCHRINE system
support and DEFENCE system
what are properties of the CCN?
CONTROL and COORDINATION of physiological systems and organs.
always ON, DISTRIBUTED throughout body.
INFORMATION FLOW via CHEMICAL based, CELL-CELL communication.
what is P4 medicine?
personalized
predictive
preventative
participatory
what are the types of medical research?
mathematical/computer (in silico)
in vitro (in glass) and ex vivo (out of the living) –> isolated
animal models
human participants
what is the purpose of in vitro/ex vivo experiments
more CONTROLLED experiments
understanding FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS
describe the NEMATODE model
CLEAR WORMS
40% genetic homology
cheap and easy to study
short lifespan
self fertilize
remains the same when frozen and thawed
transparent = good for cell differentiation
describe the FRUIT FLY model
65% genetic homology
lifestyle and development SENSITIVE to environmental change
used to study effects of drugs and alcohol
describe the RAT model
social and intelligent
lifestyle effects on METABOLISM
not a good model for infants
take a more SEVERE approach
EX. ZUCKER rats lack LEPTIN RECEPTORS and are used to study OBESITY
describe the MOUSE model
RECOMBINANT dna technology
TEST importance of a SINGLE PROTEIN
compensatory mechanisms
ob/ob mouse does not secrete LEPTIN
describe the SWINE model
human INFANT development and metabolism
ORGAN TRANSPLANTS
cloned pigs = same genetics
describe the PRIMATE model
closest to humans
human PATHOLOGY
TOXICOLOGY and drug abuse
TRANSPLANTS
describe NON CLINICAL studies
NO MEDICINAL/lifestyle treatment given
cannot determine cause and effect
ONLY ASSOCIATIONS and CORRELATIONS
epidemiological studies
describe CLINICAL studies
INTERVENTION
medical/lifestyle TREATMENT and CONTROL/placebo given
predicts CAUSE AND EFFECT
double blind, placebo controlled trials are gold standard
what are the phases of HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS?
aways VOLUNTARY
1. Preclinical trials (lab and animal studies)
2. Phase I (10s of people, what is a safe dose, what are side effects?)
3. Phase II (100s of people, how well does it work, what is the safest and most effective dose?)
4. Phase III (does it prevent the disease, what are the side effects?)
5. After approval (experts conduct independent review, distribution)
what are COCHRANE reviews?
a DATABASE of SYSTEMIC REVIEWS and META ANALYSES that summarize and interpret medical research
what are the outcomes of evidence based medicine?
evidence, clinical expertise, patient preferences
what is EVOLUTIONARY/DARWINIAN medicine?
the application of the MODERN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY to understanding HEALTH and DISEASE
ex. modern diet and constant stress
what is INTEGRATIVE medicine?
treats the WHOLE PERSON, not just the disease.
emphasizes THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP between practitioner and patient, EVIDENCE based, uses all appropriate therapies
what is COLLECTIVE MEDICINE?
ONE HEALTH; relationship between ENVIRONMENT, ANIMALS, and HUMANS.
what is ENHANCEMENT MEDICINE?
NOT NEEDED. ex viagra, botox, and brain enhancers
